A series of sequentially cascade pumped random lasers is reported. It consists of
three random lasers, in which the Ag-Au bimetallic porous nanowires play the role of
scatterers, and the gain materials are coumarin 440 (C440), coumarin 153 (C153) and
rhodamine 6G (R6G) respectively. The random laser with C440 is firstly pumped by 355
nm pulsed laser. The emission of C440 pumps the C153 and the emission of C153 pumps
the R6G sequentially. Low threshold coherent emissions from the three random lasers are
observed. The cascade pumped random lasers can be achieved easily with low cost, and
can be used in applications conveniently.
The physical mechanism of the air impurity in volume holographic photonic crystals was investigated in this paper. The
photonic forbidden band with the air impurity was analyzed and calculated by the transfer matrix method. Verifications
were carried out using one dimensional holographic photonic crystals made with Dichromated Gelatin (DCG), and the
impurity modes were observed.
Brillouin scattering is a way non-touching detection by measuring frequency shift and line width of Brillouin lines. In 1980, Guagliardo got Brillouin spectrum in water using Lidar of wide band pulsed laser. But resolution was low and didn't satisfy detection requirement. Later, Dr. Dahe Liu suggested that Brillouin scattering in water with high resolution and accuracy can be achieved by using edge technique. In this paper, we put forward a new method to do real time detection Brillouin backscattering in water. An intensity CCD (ICCD) was used in our experiment. As we known, when a laser fires a pulsed into the water, the backscattering includes Rayleigh lines and Brillouin lines. The former frequency is equal to original frequency of the incoming light. The later has the different frequency with the former, it is called as Brillouin shift. The signals out from water entered our system and passed through a F-P etalon, then interference rings were imaged by ICCD. It can be seen clearly that Brillouin lines were appeared at the same side of every Rayleigh lines. From the images recorded by ICCD, the Brillouin shift, the Brillouin line width and the signal intensity of Brillouin scattering can be determined. These informations can be used further to determine some parameters of the ocean. Our investigation shows that the instrumentation with ICCD may be used in the real time remote sensing of the ocean.
The diffraction characteristics of the volume holographic gratings made by multi-exposures with angular multiplexing during its construction is investigated. Because of the reflection by the interface between the emulsion and the substrate or the air there is an extra unslanted periodic structure inside a slanted grating, it will affect properties of the slanted volume holographic gratings. When the angle between the surface of the substrate and the grating plane of the slanted grating is less than a certain value, an extra peak accompanying the main peak will appear in the diffraction spectrum. But, when the angle is larger than the certain value, one designed and expected main peak will disappeared while the extra peak is kept and observed. This phenomenon limits the capacity of the volume hologram for the application in wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM).
The measurements on the intensity of the diffracted beam of transmission gratings were done. The gratings with different center-to-center separation were illuminated by the light beams with different polarizations, the ratio between the intensities of P-polarization and S-polarization shows clearly the vector properties of grating.
This paper analyzes the reflection index modulation distribution and the corresponding spectrum characteristic of the holographic reflection gratings fabricated by Lippman light path under the condition of recording medium absorption being taken into account. The emphasis of discussion is placed on the relationship of secondary peak characteristic of the holographic reflection gratings, bandwidth and the distribution of refraction index modulation under this recording condition, calculating and simulating the distribution curve of refraction index modulation and the corresponding spectrum characteristic curve of diffraction gratings, and the comparison with the holograph gratings recorded by symmetrical light path. The result of calculation shows that there is obvious difference between the spectrum characteristic curve of Lippman holographic gating and that of symmetrical light path, and the secondary peak value of Lippman holographic gratings is lower than that of symmetric light path under the condition of the same reflection index modulation, while the medium of recording is thicker (thicker than 60μm) or the non-linear modulation of refraction index is relatively large, and the higher secondary peak of Lippman holographic gratings presents saw-like and non-degressive, whereas this phenomenon has never occurred in the holographic gratings diffraction recorded by the symmetrical path. This result obtained by calculation and simulation is consistent with experimental result.
The nonlinear refractive index model is used to analyze the diffraction properties of reflection volume hologram. Using characteristic matrix method of multi-layer system, we analyzed the wavelength selectivity and angular selectivity of the diffraction efficiency of reflection volume hologram for P and S polarization. Compared to the classic pure sinusoidal index modulation, this nonlinear model gave more practical results.
After exposure and processing, the Cr6+ ion in dichromated gelatin (DCG) is reduced to Cr3+. The unexposed Cr6+ is washed out by water and , the gelatin cross linked with Cr3+. Since the density distribution of Cr3+ is proportional to the exposure of light, distribution of Cr3 will be sinusoidal. Meanwhile, the ions or molecules of other materials are distributed uniformly in a certain range around Cr3+. Therefore, the distributions of positive and negative charges will be unequal, and an electric field will be induced inside the medium of volume hologram in macro-scale. The intensity of such electric field is calculated basing on this mechanism. and it is found to be considerably strong.
Using the rate equations which describing the dynamic processes in Er3+ doped pentaphosphate crystals, the upconversion mechanism in this system under 650nm excitation was gotten, and the influence of the concentration of Er3+ ions on the dominant populate process of the upper state of the upconversion luminescence was analyzed. The spontaneous radiate processes, multiphonon nonradiative processes, stimulated transitions and the possible energy transfer processes between all states of Er3+ ions were included in the rate equations, and the pump power was supposed to be unchanged with time. It came to the result that under weak excitations, the main upconversion mechanism in ErP5O14 crystal was energy transfer upconversion, and contribution from excited state absorption was small. And some nonresonant energy transfer processes played an important role in building up of the population of the upper state of some upconversion luminescence. Such as nonresonant energy transfer process (3->1, 5->12), the energy mismatch of which is 1585cm-1;31.1% of the ions of 4G11/2, the upper state of 379nm upconversion luminescence, was populated through this processes. Since changed concentration of Er3+ ions would cause changed distance thus changed energy transfer rate between them, and then the contribution of all processes in the system would be different. The result showed in ErxLa1-xP5O14 crystal with different x, the upper states of the upconversion luminescence were populated from different process, with the concentration of ER3+ ions increased, the influence of energy transfer upconversion processes (Including some nonresonant energy transfer) became larger.
The concept and analyzing method of photonic crystals and band gap were introduced into optical holography. Volume holograms were treated theoretically as a photonic crystal. All properties of volume holograms can be explained accurately with the band structure of photonic crystal. Different from superlattice photonic crystal, the inductivity of holographic photonic crystal is a graded function rather than a discontinuous function, the band gap structures with changing incident angle (not for a fixed angle only) were discussed. Experimental verifications were implemented by using elementary reflection holograms. It shows that the analysis of band gap for volume holograms is in good consistency, with the experimental results.
The laboratory experimental test of sound speed for fresh water and typical salt water (salinity Sequals35%) are reported for different water temperatures. Considering that the returned signal contains both Rayleigh and Brillouin peak (which have Gaussian and Lorentzian line shapes respectively), the measured data are fitted by mixed function of Gaussian and Lorentzian. Then, the sound speed is obtained by Brillouin shift that is determined with FSR of the Fabry-Perot. For the testing of submerged object, it has fewer requirements on the accuracy. The experimental results without and with submerged object are given. All results show that Brillouin scattering is a good method for measuring sound speed in water and for testing of submerged object.
The diffraction efficiency of volume hologram is calculated by using the character matrix of multilayer medium films. The polarization characteristic of volume holographic grating is discussed in detail, while the diffraction properties are analyzed respectively for p-polarized light and s-polarized light by computer simulation. We have found that the diffraction efficiency of reflection hologram can be highly dependent on the polarization of incident light.
The properties of non-uniform volume hologram grating are analyzed in detail using the coupled Fabry-Perot etalons physical model of volume hologram. The diffraction spectra of non-uniform volume hologram are simulated with computer. A matrix method is introduced, which relies on the calculation of the reflected and the transmitted fields at an interface between two dielectric slabs of dissimilar refractive indexes. A kind of non-uniform refractive index distribution is used in simulation. Simulation results are in accordance with the analyzing results by the method of solving nonlinear differential equations and our previous experimental results.
A new physical model for volume hologram was proposed. Volume hologram was considered as a series coupled Fabry- Perot etalon. The multi beam interference makes band width of volume hologram to be very narrow. The positive feedback of Fabry-Perot provide high diffraction efficiency of volume hologram. Computer simulations based on the new model showed a good consistency with the coupled wave theory and previous experimental results.
A new image nonlinear segmentation method which is based on feedforward multilayer neural network (MLN) is presented in this paper. The example of using proposed MLN technique for cross overlapped chromosome image segmentation is given. In contrast to gray-level threshold technique, the MLN method is based on spatial coordination classification. From the experiments it can be concluded that the MLN in particular shows promise of being a useful method for image nonlinear segmentation.
The relationship between the diffraction efficiency of a reflection hologram and the thickness and absorption coefficient of the recording medium was studied. The diffraction efficiency of a reflection hologram was found to increase monotonically with a decrease in the absorption coefficient a of the recording medium, but varies nonmonotonically with an increase of the thickness T of the recording medium. Maximum diffraction efficiency was obtained when T and α satisfied the relationship T= 1/α. Finally, we suggest a method to improve the quality of reflection holograms.
The unsymmetrical diffraction spectrum of a reflective hologram grating was observed. Sub- peaks appeared at only one side of the main peak. In this paper, the experimental results and the rule are reported. Also, the principle which results in the unsymmetrical spectrum is analyzed, and the physics picture is described.
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