Dr. Daniel R. Schmidt Profile

Dr. Daniel R. Schmidt

at National Institute of Standards and Technology

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (5)

SPIE Journal Paper | 12 May 2023

511-CAM mission: a pointed 511 keV gamma-ray telescope with a focal plane detector made of stacked transition edge sensor microcalorimeter arrays

Farzane Shirazi, Ephraim Gau, Md. Arman Hossen, Daniel Becker, Daniel Schmidt, Daniel Swetz, Douglas Bennett, Dana Braun, Fabian Kislat, Johnathon Gard, John Mates, Joel Weber, Nicole Rodriguez Cavero, Sohee Chun, Lindsey Lisalda, Andrew West, Bhupal Dev, Francesc Ferrer, Richard Bose, Joel Ullom, Henric Krawczynski

JATIS, Vol. 9, Issue 02, 024006, (May 2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.9.2.024006

KEYWORDS: Bismuth, Gamma radiation, Telescopes, Tin, Channel projecting optics, Photons, Crystals, Detector arrays, Simulations, Balloons

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SPIE Journal Paper | 1 February 2023

ASCENT: a balloon-borne hard x-ray imaging spectroscopy telescope using transition edge sensor microcalorimeter detectors

Fabian Kislat, Daniel Becker, Douglas Bennett, Adrika Dasgupta, Joseph Fowler, Christopher L. Fryer, Jonathon Gard, Ephraim Gau, Danielle Gurgew, Keon Harmon, Takayuki Hayashi, Scott Heatwole, Md. Arman Hossen, Henric Krawczynski, R. James Lanzi, Jason Legere, John A.B. Mates, Mark McConnell, Johanna Nagy, Takashi Okajima, Toshiki Sato, Daniel Schmidt, Sean Spooner, Daniel Swetz, Keisuke Tamura, Joel Ullom, Joel Weber, Amanda Wester, Patrick Young

JATIS, Vol. 9, Issue 01, 014002, (February 2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.9.1.014002

KEYWORDS: Calcium, X-ray telescopes, Imaging spectroscopy, X-rays, Hard x-rays, Design and modelling, Gamma radiation, Iron, Calibration, Detector arrays

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Proceedings Article | 1 August 2021 Presentation

NIST microcalorimeter arrays for the hard x-ray and γ-ray astronomy

Md. Arman Hossen, D. Becker, D. Bennett, B. Dober, J. Fowler, J. Gard, E. Gau, J. Hays-Wehle, G. Hilton, F. Kislat, H. Krawczynski, B. Mates, J. Nagy, C. Reintsema, D. Schmidt, D. Swetz, J. Ullom, L. Vale, T. Okajima

Proceedings Volume 11838, 118380X (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2594652

KEYWORDS: X-ray astronomy, Hard x-rays, Sensors, Astronomy, Microwave radiation, X-rays, X-ray detectors, Tin, Resonators, Prototyping

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SPIE Journal Paper | 22 March 2019 Open Access

Microwave SQUID multiplexing for the Lynx x-ray microcalorimeter

Douglas Bennett, John A. Mates, Simon Bandler, Daniel Becker, Joseph Fowler, Johnathon Gard, Gene Hilton, Kent Irwin, Kelsey Morgan, Carl Reintsema, Kazuhiro Sakai, Daniel Schmidt, Stephen Smith, Daniel Swetz, Joel Ullom, Leila Vale, Abigail Wessels

JATIS, Vol. 5, Issue 02, 021007, (March 2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.5.2.021007

KEYWORDS: Microwave radiation, Multiplexing, Resonators, Sensors, X-rays, Multiplexers, Modulation, Field effect transistors, Inductance, Time division multiplexing

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Proceedings Article | 10 July 2018 Presentation

Time- and code-division SQUID multiplexing options for ATHENA X-IFU (Conference Presentation)

Joel Ullom, J. Adams, B. Alpert, S. Bandler, D. Bennett, S. Chaudhuri, J. Chervenak, E. Denison, C. Dawson, W. Doriese, M. Durkin, J. Fowler, J Gard, G. Hilton, K. Irwin, Y. Joe, C. Kilbourne, J. Mates, K. Morgan, G. O'Neil, C. Reintsema, D. Schmidt, S. Smith, D. Swetz, C. Titus, L. Vale, B. Young

Proceedings Volume 10699, 106991P (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2314111

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Time division multiplexing, Code division multiplexing, Multiplexing, Sensors, Multiplexers, Gamma radiation, Synchrotrons, Light sources, Spectrometers

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SQUID Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a technique for the readout of arrays of Transition-Edge Sensors (TESs) for x-ray and gamma-ray science. TDM has been deployed in many recent 250-pixel-scale instruments including at synchrotron light sources and particle-accelerator facilities, as well as in table-top experiments. Two TES spectrometers employing TDM readout will soon be deployed to electron-beam ion-trap facilities. TDM is also under development as a back-up readout option for the X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) of the Athena satellite mission. The 3,840 TES pixels of the X-IFU will enable efficient, high resolution spectroscopy (2.5 eV FWHM at 7 keV) of extended astrophysical sources. Multiplexing factors of 40 or more sensors per readout column are planned for the X-IFU. To advance the maturity of TDM readout for Athena, we are creating a focal-plane assembly for the readout of 960 TES pixels in a 24 column by 40 row configuration. We will describe the design and experimental progress on this technology demonstrator. In a TDM system, each dc-biased TES has its own first-stage SQUID. Rows of these first-stage-SQUIDs are turned on and off sequentially such that the signal from only one TES at a time per readout column is passed to a series-array SQUID, to a room-temperature preamplifier, and to digital-feedback electronics. Recent implementations of TDM have a row period of 160 ns and non-multiplexed amplifier noise of 0.19 micro-Phi_0/sqrt(Hz) referred to the first-stage SQUID. Some benchmark demonstrations of TDM with x-ray TES sensors include achievement of 2.55 eV FWHM energy resolution at 5.9 keV in a 32-row, 1-column configuration. Here, the fastest slew rates in the TES currents were similar to those of the X-IFU “LPA2” detector model. We have also achieved 2.72 eV FWHM resolution in a 32-row, 6-column configuration that contained 144 high-quality TESs that were similar to the much faster X-IFU “LPA1” pixels. We will describe on-going efforts to read out TDM arrays at the 6x32 scale and larger, as well as efforts to improve the performance of TDM system subcomponents. We will also describe system-level performance metrics such as cross-talk. SQUID Code-Division Multiplexing (CDM) is closely related to TDM but has important performance advantages. CDM and TDM operation are similar with the main difference being that in CDM, all TESs are observed by the multiplexer at all times, with the polarity of the TES signals switched between rows. Because all TESs are observed by the multiplexer at all times, the sqrt(N_rows) noise-aliasing degradation inherent to TDM is eliminated. We are developing flux-summing CDM to be drop-in compatible with existing TDM systems. The most recent CDM implementation has a nonmultiplexed noise level of 0.17 micro-Phi_0/sqrt(Hz) referred to the first-stage SQUID and a row period of 160 ns. We have demonstrated 2.77 eV FWM resolution at 5.9 keV in 32-row, 1-column CDM test.

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