This book is written for clinicians and engineers looking to learn about the new and exciting uses of ultrasound. Because it focuses on applications of ultrasound specifically for neurosurgery, the book addresses some of the reasons the use of ultrasound in neurosurgery has been slow compared to other fields of medicine (for example, cardiology, orthopedics, etc.). While review papers and books on similar topics have been published, these are not fully comprehensive nor up to date on all of the potential applications of ultrasound in neurosurgery. Our hope is to provide researchers within the field a new title that will expand their understanding of the burgeoning field of ultrasound in neurosurgery.
Cotton balls are a versatile and efficient tool commonly used in neurosurgical procedures to absorb fluids and manipulate delicate tissues. However, the use of cotton balls is accompanied by the risk of accidental retention in the brain after surgery. Retained cotton balls can lead to dangerous immune responses and potential complications, such as adhesions and textilomas. In a previous study, we showed that ultrasound can be safely used to detect cotton balls in the operating area due to the distinct acoustic properties of cotton compared with the acoustic properties of surrounding tissue. In this study, we enhance the experimental setup using a 3D-printed custom depth box and a Butterfly IQ handheld ultrasound probe. Cotton balls were placed in variety of positions to evaluate size and depth detectability limits. Recorded images were then analyzed using a novel algorithm that implements recently released YOLOv4, a state-of-the-art, real-time object recognition system. As per the radiologists’ opinion, the algorithm was able to detect the cotton ball correctly 61% of the time, at approximately 32 FPS. The algorithm could accurately detect cotton balls up to 5mm in diameter, which corresponds to the size of surgical balls used by neurosurgeons, making the algorithm a promising candidate for regular intraoperative use.
Efficiency and patient safety are top priorities in any surgical operation. One effective way to achieve these objectives is automating many of the logistical and routine tasks that occur in the operating room. Inspired by smart assistant technology already commonplace in the consumer sector, we engineered the Smart Hospital Assistant (SHA), a smart, voice-controlled virtual assistant that handles natural speech recognition while executing a plurality of functions to aid surgery. Simulated surgeries showed that the SHA reduced operating time, optimized surgical staff resources, and reduced the number of major touch points that can lead to surgical site infections. The SHA not only shows its potential in the operating room, but also in other healthcare environments that may benefit from having virtual smart assistant technology.
Measuring vital physiological pressures is important for monitoring health status, preventing the buildup of dangerous internal forces in impaired organs, and enabling novel approaches of using mechanical stimulation for tissue regeneration. Pressure sensors are often required to be implanted and directly integrated with native soft biological systems. Therefore, the devices should be flexible and at the same time, biodegradable, to avoid invasive removal surgery that can damage directly-interfaced tissues. Despite recent achievements in degradable electronic devices, there is still a tremendous need to develop a force sensor which only relies on safe medical materials and requires no complex fabrication process to provide accurate information on important bio-physiological forces. Here, we present a new strategy for material processing, electromechanical analysis, device fabrication, and assessment of a new piezoelectric Poly-L-lactide (PLLA) polymer to create a biodegradable, biocompatible piezoelectric force-sensor which only employs medical materials used commonly in FDA-approved implants, for the monitoring of biological forces
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