Ms. Elisabeth K. Nicholson Profile

Elisabeth K. Nicholson

at Northwestern Univ

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Proceedings Article | 18 September 2008 Paper

MicroCT and microMRI imaging of a prenatal mouse model of increased brain size

Elisabeth K. López, Stuart Stock, Makoto Taketo, Anjen Chenn, Matthew Ravosa

Proceedings Volume 7078, 70781T (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.793842

KEYWORDS: Brain, Skull, Mouse models, Bone, Magnetic resonance imaging, Neuroimaging, Medicine, Statistical analysis, X-rays, Fetus

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There are surprisingly few experimental models of neural growth and cranial integration. This and the dearth of information regarding fetal brain development detract from a mechanistic understanding of cranial integration and its relevance to the patterning of skull form, specifically the role of encephalization on basicranial flexion. To address this shortcoming, our research uses transgenic mice expressing a stabilized form of β-catenin to isolate the effects of relative brain size on craniofacial development. These mice develop highly enlarged brains due to an increase in neural precursors, and differences between transgenic and wild-type mice are predicted to result solely from variation in brain size. Comparisons of wild-type and transgenic mice at several prenatal ages were performed using microCT (Scanco Medical MicroCT 40) and microMRI (Avance 600 WB MR spectrometer). Statistical analyses show that the larger brain of the transgenic mice is associated with a larger neurocranium and an altered basicranial morphology. However, body size and postcranial ossification do not seem to be affected by the transgene. Comparisons of the rate of postcranial and cranial ossification using microCT also point to an unexpected effect of neural growth on skull development: increased fetal encephalization may result in a compensatory decrease in the level of cranial ossification. Therefore, if other life history factors are held constant, the ontogeny of a metabolically costly structure such as a brain may occur at the expense of other cranial structures. These analyses indicate the benefits of a multifactorial approach to cranial integration using a mouse model.

Proceedings Article | 7 September 2006 Paper

Adaptive plasticity in mammalian masticatory joints

Matthew Ravosa, Ravinder Kunwar, Elisabeth Nicholson, Emily Klopp, Jessie Pinchoff, Stuart Stock, M. Sharon Stack, Mark Hamrick

Proceedings Volume 6318, 63180D (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.680580

KEYWORDS: Bone, Tissues, Cartilage, Minerals, Biological research, Neck, Signal attenuation, Organisms, X-rays, Statistical analysis

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Genetically similar white rabbits raised on diets of different mechanical properties, as well as wild-type and myostatin-deficient mice raised on similar diets, were compared to assess the postweaning effects of elevated masticatory loads due to increased jaw-adductor muscle and bite forces on the proportions and properties of the mandibular symphysis and temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Microcomputed tomography (microCT) was used to quantify bone structure at a series of equidistant external and internal sites in coronal sections for a series of joint locations. Discriminant function analyses and non-parametric ANOVAs were used to characterize variation in biomineralization within and between loading cohorts. In both species, long-term excessive loading results in larger joint proportions, thicker articular and cortical bone, and increased biomineralization of hard tissues. Such adaptive plasticity appears designed to maintain the postnatal integrity of masticatory joint systems for a primary loading environment(s). This behavioral signal may be increasingly mitigated in older organisms by the interplay between adaptive and degradative joint tissue responses.

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