Tethered capsule endomicroscopy (TCE) is a recently developed form of in vivo microscopy based on optical coherence tomography (OCT). With TCE, a small tethered pill is swallowed, procuring high resolution microscopic images of the esophageal wall. TCE does not require sedation and is thus a more rapid and convenient procedure comparing to traditional endoscopic examination. Our group and others have successfully conducted OCT-TCE in pilot, single-center studies that demonstrated the potential of this technology for upper GI tract diagnosis. Here, we demonstrate and evaluate the feasibility and safety of a next generation OCT-TCE system and device in patients with Barrett’s esophagus (BE) and report the initial longitudinal analysis of the natural history of BE.
While the most common method used to evaluate and survey patients with Barrett’s Esophagus (BE) is endoscopic biopsy, this procedure is invasive, time-consuming, and suffers from sampling errors. Moreover, it requires patient sedation that increases cost and mandates its operation in specialized settings. Our lab has developed a new imaging tool termed tethered capsule endomicroscopy (TCE) that involves swallowing a tethered capsule which utilizes optical coherence tomography (OCT) to obtain three-dimensional microscopic (10µm) images of the entire esophageal wall as it traverses the luminal organ via peristalsis or is retrieved by pulling up tether. As opposed to endoscopy, TCE procedure is non-invasive, doesn’t require patient sedation and mitigates sampling error by evaluating the microscopic structure of the entire esophagus. The merits of TCE make it a suitable device to investigate the microscopic natural history of BE in a longitudinal manner.
Here, we present our initial experience of a multicenter (5-site) clinical trial to study the microscopic natural history of BE. The TCE device used for the study is the new generation capsule with the ball lens optical configuration and a distal scan stepper motor, which provides 30µm (lateral) resolution and 40Hz imaging rate. The portable OCT imaging system is a custom in-house built swept source system and provides 7µm (axial) at a 100 kHz A-line rate with a center wavelength of ~1310 nm. To date, we have successfully enrolled 69 subjects at all sites (MGH: 33, Columbia University: 11, Kansas City VA: 10, Mayo Jacksonville: 8, Mayo Rochester: 7) and 59 have swallowed the capsule (85.5%). There have been no reported adverse events associated with TCE procedure. High-quality OCT images were reliably obtained from patients who swallowed the device, and BE tissues were identified by expert readers. Our initial experience with TCE in a multicenter study demonstrates that this technology is easy to use and efficient in multiple clinical settings. Completion of this longitudinal study is likely to provide new insights on the temporal progression of BE that may impact management strategies.
Tethered capsule endomicroscopy (TCE) is a new method for performing comprehensive microstructural OCT imaging of gastrointestinal (GI) tract in unsedated patients in a well-tolerated and cost-effective manner. These features of TCE bestow it with significant potential to improve the screening, surveillance and management of various upper gastrointestinal diseases. To achieve clinical adoption of this imaging technique, it is important to validate it with co-registered histology, the current diagnostic gold standard. One such method for co-registering OCT images with histology is laser cautery marking, previously demonstrated using a balloon-centering OCT catheter that operates in conjunction with sedated endoscopy. With laser marking, an OCT area of interest is identified on the screen and this target is marked in the patient by exposing adjacent tissue to laser light that is absorbed by water, creating superficial, visible marks on the mucosal surface. Endoscopy can then be performed after the device is removed and biopsies taken from the marks. In this talk, we will present the design of a tethered capsule laser marking device that uses a distal stepper motor to perform high precision (< 0.5 mm accuracy) laser targeting and high quality OCT imaging. Ex vivo animal tissue tests and pilot human clinical studies using this technology will be presented.
Celiac disease (CD) affects around 1% of the global population and can cause serious long-term symptoms including malnutrition, fatigue, and diarrhea, amongst others. Despite this, it is often left undiagnosed. Currently, a tissue diagnosis of CD is made by random endoscopic biopsy of the duodenum to confirm the existence of microscopic morphologic alterations in the intestinal mucosa. However, duodenal endoscopic biopsy is problematic because the morphological changes can be focal and endoscopic biopsy is plagued by sampling error. Additionally, tissue artifacts can also an issue because cuts in the transverse plane can make duodenal villi appear artifactually shortened and can bias the assessment of intraepithelial inflammation. Moreover, endoscopic biopsy is costly and poorly tolerated as the patient needs to be sedated to perform the procedure.
Our lab has previously developed technology termed tethered capsule OCT endomicroscopy (TCE) to overcome these diagnostic limitations of endoscopy. TCE involves swallowing an optomechanically-engineered pill that generates 3D images of the GI tract as it traverses the lumen of the organ via peristalsis, assisted by gravity. In several patients we have demonstrated TCE imaging of duodenal villi, however the current TCE device design is not optimal for CD diagnosis as the villi compress when in contact with the smooth capsule’s wall. In this work, we present methods for structuring the outer surface of the capsule to improve the visualization of the villi height and crypt depth. Preliminary results in humans suggest that new TCE capsule enables better visualization of villous architecture, making it possibly to comprehensively scan the entire duodenum to obtain a more accurate tissue diagnosis of CD.
Endoscopy, the current standard of care for the diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, is not ideal as a screening tool because it is costly, necessitates a team of medically trained personnel, and typically requires that the patient be sedated. Endoscopy is also a superficial macroscopic imaging modality and therefore is unable to provide detailed information on subsurface microscopic structure that is required to render a precise tissue diagnosis. We have overcome these limitations through the development of an optical coherence tomography tethered capsule endomicroscopy (OCT-TCE) imaging device. The OCT-TCE device has a pill-like form factor with an optically clear wall to allow the contained opto-mechanical components to scan the OCT beam along the circumference of the esophagus. Once swallowed, the OCT-TCE device traverses the esophagus naturally via peristalsis and multiple cross-sectional OCT images are obtained at 30-40 μm lateral resolution by 7 μm axial resolution. While this spatial resolution enables differentiation of squamous vs columnar mucosa, crucial microstructural features such as goblet cells (~10 μm), which signify intestinal metaplasia in BE, and enlarged nuclei that are indicative of dysplasia cannot be resolved with the current OCT-TCE technology.
In this work we demonstrate a novel design of a high lateral resolution OCT-TCE device with an extended depth of focus (EDOF). The EDOF is created by use of self-imaging wavefront division multiplexing that produces multiple focused modes at different depths into the sample. The overall size of the EDOF TCE is similar to that of the previous OCT-TCE device (~ 11 mm by 26 mm) but with a lateral resolution of ~ 8 μm over a depth range of ~ 2 mm. Preliminary esophageal and intestinal imaging using these EDOF optics demonstrates an improvement in the ability to resolve tissue morphology including individual glands and cells. These results suggest that the use of EDOF optics may be a promising avenue for increasing the accuracy of OCT-TCE for the diagnosis of upper GI diseases.
KEYWORDS: Optical coherence tomography, Spine, 3D modeling, 3D image reconstruction, Image segmentation, Genetics, Tissues, Bone, 3D image processing, Algorithm development
A zebrafish model has recently been introduced to study various genetic mutations that could lead to spinal deformities
such as scoliosis. However, current imaging techniques make it difficult to perform longitudinal studies of this condition
in zebrafish, especially in the early stages of development. The goal of this project is to determine whether optical
coherence tomography (OCT) is a viable non-invasive method to image zebrafish exhibiting spinal deformities. Images
of both live and fixed malformed zebrafish (5 to 21 days postfertilization) as well as wild-type fish (5 to 29 days
postfertilization) were acquired non-invasively using a commercial SD-OCT system, with a laser source centered at
930nm (λ=100nm), permitting axial and lateral resolutions of 7 and 8μm respectively. Using two-dimensional images
and three-dimensional reconstructions, it was possible to identify the malformed notochord as well as deformities in
other major organs at different stages of formation. Visualization of the notochord was facilitated with the development
of a segmentation algorithm. OCT images were compared to HE histological sections and images obtained by calcein
staining. Because of the possibility of performing longitudinal studies on a same fish and reducing image processing
time as compared with staining techniques and histology, the use of OCT could facilitate phenotypic characterization in
studying genetic factors leading to spinal deformities in zebrafish and could eventually contribute to the identification of
the genetic causes of spinal deformities such as scoliosis.
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