Optical binding in liquid and in vacuum continues to unveil and enable new physics. We present two results. Firstly, we show how, for particles beyond the Rayleigh limit, surprising asymmetric forces can arise in counter-propagating beams. These can cause particle transport or instability. Secondly, we show how optical binding between two microspheres levitated in vacuum can be used for sympathetic cooling of the centre of mass motions of the spheres to sub-Kelvin temperatures.
Photopolymerization, the process of using ultraviolet light to activate polymerization within resins, is a powerful approach to create arbitrary, transparent micro-objects with a resolution below the diffraction limit. Importantly, to date all photopolymerization studies have been performed with incident light fields with planar wavefronts and have solely exploited the intensity profile of the incident beam. We investigate photopolymerization with light fields possessing orbital angular momentum (OAM), characterized by the topological charge “l”. We show that, as a consequence of nonlinear self-focusing of the optical field, photopolymerization creates an annular-shaped vortex-soliton and an associated optical fibre, which exhibits a helical trajectory, with a chirality determined by the sign of “l”. In particular, due to a transverse modulation instability in the nonlinear self-focusing photopolymer, the vortex beam breaks up into the “l” solitons or microfibers, each of which exhibit helical trajectories and together form a bundle of helical microfibers. Our numerical simulations, based on the nonlinear paraxial wave equation for the photopolymer, captures all the experimental observations for a variety of optical vortices characterized by “l”. This therefore represents a new physical manifestation of the use of OAM light fields. This research opens up a new application for light fields with OAM, and our generated microfibers may have applications in optical communications and micromanipulation. In a broader context, our work adds a new facet to the emergent field of helical fibres that have themselves recently come to the fore in the photonic crystal community as a route to generating fields with OAM.
Photopolymerization, the process of using ultraviolet light to activate polymerization within resins, is a powerful approach to create arbitrary, transparent micro-objects with a resolution below the diffraction limit. Such microstructures have been optimized for optical manipulation and are finding application elsewhere, including micro-optics, mechanical microstructures and polymer crystallography. Furthermore, due to self-focusing, photopolymerization can form a waveguide, which develops into an optical fibre as long as submillimeters. Importantly, to date virtually all photopolymerization studies have been performed with incident light fields possessing planar wavefronts and simply exploit the beam intensity profile. Here we investigate photopolymerization of ultraviolet curing resins with a light field possessing orbital angular momentum (OAM). We show that the annular vortex beam breaks up via modulation instability into the m-microfibers, depending on the azimuthal index m of an incident optical vortex. These microfibers exhibit helical structures with chirality determined by the sign of m and mirror the helical nature of the incident vortex beam wavefront. We have developed a numerical model based on the Beam Propagation Method that captures the key experimental observations for a variety of optical vortices characterized by their azimuthal index m. This research opens up a range of new vistas and has broad consequences for the fields of structured light, new approaches to writing novel mesoscopic structures and applications such as in detecting or sorting the OAM mode (e.g. photonic lanterns) in areas including optical communications and manipulation.
We have identified major paradigm shifts relative to near-IR filamentation when high power multiple terawatt laser pulses are propagated at mid-IR and long-IR wavelengths within key atmospheric transmission windows. Individual filaments at near-IR (800 nm) wavelengths typically persist only over tens of centimeters, despite the whole beam supporting them being sustained over about a Rayleigh range. In the important mid-IR atmospheric window (3.2 - 4 μm) optical carrier wave self-steepening (carrier shocks) tend to dominate and modify the onset of long range filaments. These shocks generate bursts of higher harmonic dispersive waves that constrain the intensity growth of the filament to well below the traditional ionization limit, making long range low loss propagation possible. For long wavelength pulses in the 8-12 μm atmospheric transmission window, many-electron dephasing collisions from separate gas species act to dynamically suppress the traditional Kerr self-focusing lens and leads to a new type of whole beam self-trapping over multiple Rayleigh ranges. This prediction is key, since strong linear diffraction at these wavelengths are the major limitation and normally requires large launch beam apertures. We will present simulation results that predict multiple Rayleigh range propagation paths for whole beam self-trapping and will also discuss some recent efforts to extend the HITRAN linear atmospheric transmission/refractive index database to include nonlinear responses of important atmospheric molecular constituents.
We demonstrate the transfer of orbital angular momentum (OAM) to optically levitated microparticles in vacuum. We create two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) optical potentials possessing OAM. In the former case the microparticle is placed within a Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) beam and orbits the annular beam profile with increasing angular velocity as the air drag coefficient is reduced. Our results reveal that there is a fundamental limit to the OAM that may be transferred to a trapped particle, dependent upon the beam parameters and inertial forces present. Whilst a LG beam scales in size with azimuthal index, recently we have created a “perfect vortex” beam whose radial intensity profile and radius are both independent of topological charge. As the Fourier transform of a “perfect vortex” yields a Bessel beam, imaging a “perfect vortex”, with its subsequent propagation thus realises a complex three-dimensional optical field. In this scenario we load individual silica microparticles into this field where the optical gradient and scattering forces interplay with the inertial and gravitational forces acting on the trapped particle. As a result the trapped microparticle exhibits a complex three-dimensional motion that includes a periodic orbital motion between the Bessel and the “perfect vortex” beam. We are able to determine the three dimensional optical potential in situ by tracking the particle. This first demonstration of trapping microparticles within a complex 3D optical potential in vacuum opens up new possibilities for fundamental studies of many-body dynamics, mesoscopic entanglement, and optical binding.
Optical binding refers to an optically mediated inter-particle interaction
that creates new equilibrium positions for closely spaced particles [1–5]. Optical binding
of mesoscopic particles levitated in vacuum can pave the way towards the realisation
of a large scale quantum bound array in cavity-optomechanics [6–9]. Recently we have
demonstrated trapping and rotation of two mesoscopic particles in vacuum using a
spatial-light-modulator-based approach to trap more than one particle, induce controlled
rotation of individual particles, and mediate interparticle separation [10]. By trapping
and rotating two vaterite particles, we observe intensity modulation of the scattered light
at the sum and difference frequencies with respect to the individual rotation rates. This
first demonstration of optical interference between two microparticles in vacuum has
lead to a platform to explore optical binding. Here we demonstrate for the first time
optically bound two microparticles mediated by light scattering in vacuum. We investigate
autocorrelations between the two normal modes of oscillation, which are determined by the
centre-of-mass and the relative positions of the two-particle system. In situ determination
of the optical restoring force acting on the bound particles are based on measurement
of the oscillation frequencies of the autocorrelation functions of the two normal modes,
thereby providing a powerful and original platform to explore multiparticle entanglement
in cavity-optomechanics.
We demonstrate the transfer of orbital angular momentum to optically levitated
microparticles in vacuum [1]. We prepare two-dimensional and three-dimensional optical
potentials. In the former case the microparticle is placed within a Laguerre-Gaussian beam
and orbits the annular beam profile with increasing angular velocity as the air drag coefficient
is reduced. We explore the particle dynamics as a function of the topological charge
of the levitating beam. Our results reveal that there is a fundamental limit to the orbital angular
momentum that may be transferred to a trapped particle, dependent upon the beam
parameters and inertial forces present. This effect was predicted theoretically [2] and can be
understood considering the underlying dynamics arising from the link between the magnitude
of the azimuthal index and the beam radius [3].
Whilst a Laguerre-Gaussian beam scales in size with azimuthal index `, recently we
have created a “perfect” vortex beam whose radial intensity profile and radius are both
independent of topological charge [4, 5]. As the Fourier transform of a perfect vortex yields
a Bessel beam. Imaging a perfect vortex, with its subsequent propagation thus realises a
complex three dimensional optical field. In this scenario we load individual silica microparticles
into this field and observe their trajectories. The optical gradient and scattering forces
interplay with the inertial and gravitational forces acting on the trapped particle, including
the rotational degrees of freedom. As a result the trapped microparticle exhibits a complex
three dimensional motion that includes a periodic orbital motion between the Bessel and
the perfect vortex beam. We are able to determine the three dimensional optical potential
in situ by tracking the particle. This first demonstration of trapping microparticles within
a complex three dimensional optical potential in vacuum opens up new possibilities for
fundamental studies of many-body dynamics, mesoscopic entanglement [6, 7], and optical
binding [8, 9].
Vortex beams with different topological charge usually have different profiles and radii of peak intensity. This introduces a degree of complexity the fair study of the nature of optical OAM (orbital angular momentum). To avoid this, we introduced a new approach by creating a perfect vortex beam using an annular illuminating beam with a fixed intensity profile on an SLM that imposes a chosen topological charge. The radial intensity profile of such an experimentally created perfect vortex beam is independent to any given integer value of its topological charge. The well-defined OAM density in such a perfect vortex beam is probed by trapping microscope particles. The rotation rate of a trapped necklace of particles is measured for both integer and non-integer topological charge. Experimental results agree with the theoretical prediction. With the flexibility of our approach, local OAM density can be corrected in situ to overcome the problem of trapping the particle in the intensity hotspots. The correction of local OAM density in the perfect vortex beam therefore enables a single trapped particle to move along the vortex ring at a constant angular velocity that is independent of the azimuthal position. Due to its particular nature, the perfect vortex beam may be applied to other studies in optical trapping of particles, atoms or quantum gases.
In this paper we present theory and simulations of an optical spring mirror with emphasis on the incident laser
beam configuration and the associated optical trapping forces. We elucidate the physical mechanisms underlying the
optical trapping using the example of an incident Gaussian beam and demonstrate that guided-wave trapping shows
particular promise for stable trapping in both the translational and rotational degrees of freedom.
Binding between optically co-trapped micro-particles occurs when the scattered optical fields are sufficient to com pete with the trapping forces. Such optical binding is seen as being pertinent to large-scale micro-manipulation due to the significant forces present within an optical trapping system comprising multiple micro-particles. One aspect of optical binding involves an inter-particle force relationship that is strongly dependent on optical fre quency. In our study we theoretically show that a broadened spectral content associated with frequency doubled broadband ultrashort pulses can result in spatial overlap of contained frequencies. The binding force oscillations are averaged out when sufficient spectral content is present within the pulse.
The dynamic intracavity ionization of a dilute gas target can substantially alter the pulse formation inside
resonant fs enhancement cavities. We numerically and experimentally study these effects and how they affect
intracavity high harmonic generation using fs frequency combs.
In a recent paper we explored the novel reflection properties of several conical optical elements using
numerical simulations based on Maxwell's equations. For example, in the case of a hollow metallic cone having
an apex angle of 90°, a circularly-polarized incident beam acquires, upon reflection, the opposite spin angular
momentum in addition to an orbital angular momentum twice as large as the spin, whereas a 90° cone made of a
transparent material in which the incident light suffers two total internal reflections before returning, may be
designed to endow the retro-reflected beam with different mixtures of orbital and spin angular momenta. In the
present paper we introduce an approximate analysis based on the Jones calculus to elucidate the physics
underlying the reflection properties, and we point to the strengths and weaknesses of the approach.
We report our experimental and theoretical progress towards elucidating the nonlinear optical response
of nanosuspensions. To date, we have devised a fiber-optic variant of the Z-scan method to accurately
measure the nonlinearity of liquid nanosuspensions. Furthermore, we shall show that the optical
nonlinearity may be properly accounted theoretically by including both the virial coefficients for the
soft-condensed matter system in addition to the exponential term, which does not account for particleparticle
interactions, yielding an effective or renormalized Kerr effect in many cases.
In their pioneering work, Burns et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 1233 (1989)] discovered a laser-induced optical
interaction between dielectric microparticles dispersed in water. This interaction occurred in the plane transversal
to the laser beam and, interestingly, induced bound pairs of particles. Accordingly, the observed phenomenon
was termed "transverse optical binding" (TOB). Burns et al. argued that TOB arises from coherently induced
electric dipoles in the microspheres. Indeed, this explanation verified the experimental observation that the
spatial periodicity of the TOB interaction matched the laser wavelength in water. However, relatively little
experimental evidence has been provided, to date, for both the strength and functional dependence of this effect
on the particle distance. In our study, we used an experimental method which allowed us to directly measure
the TOB interaction. As a result, we found that this interaction is surprisingly long-ranged.
It has been conjectured for some time that colloidal suspensions can act as artificial self-guiding
media and support solitary beam-like solutions. The optical forces, along a diverging Gaussian beam,
act to pull and retain the diffusing nanoparticles into its beam path. Consequently, the nanoparticle
suspension acts to guide the diverging Gaussian beam and maintain the beam waist over a distance
longer than its Rayleigh range. In this paper, we present a detailed analysis of beam propagation
within nanoparticle suspensions. Using a recently developed theory by El-Ganainy et. al. (1), we
seek to understand the beam dynamics by monitoring the scattered light from the particles along the
propagation of the beam. An initial comparison of the theoretical and the experimental results shows interesting deviations due to the exponential nature of the optical nonlinearity.
At the microscopic scale, the light matter interaction may organize colloidal matter due to a process known as optical
binding. Optical binding has now been established as an important issue for the assembly of colloidal matter by light. In
the paper we investigate one dimensional optically bound matter of microscopic objects. We develop a dual beam optical
fiber trap using a femtosecond laser where the peak power permits us to use two-photon excitation within the host
medium. In this trap we can visualize the field distribution in an optical bound array. A numerical model is presented
which provides a comparison between theory and experiment.
We demonstrate the use of supercontinuum radiation to provide enhanced guiding distances of microscopic particles
compared to the standard continuous wave or femtosecond lasers. Our technique relies on the chromatic aberration of the
lens used to form an elongated focal region within which guiding takes place. The resulting beam profile has been
modelled and shows that for a Gaussian input beam, the intensity profile after the lens can be considered as a sum of
Gaussians, one for each wavelength but with varying focal position due to dispersion. Our experimental investigations
compare radiation from continuous wave (bandwidth <1nm) and femtosecond pulsed (bandwidth > 100nm) lasers as
well as supercontinuum radiation (bandwidth > 450nm) and show good agreement with theory.
In the following paper we explore the dynamics of single colloidal particles and particle aggregates in a counterpropagating
cavity-enhanced evanescent wave optical trap. For this study we make use of Fabry-Perot like cavity modes
generated in a prism-coupled resonant dielectric waveguide. The advantage of using this type of optical structure is that
there is an enhancement in the electric field of the evanescent at the sample surface that may be used to achieve greater
coupling to colloidal particles for the purposes of optical micromanipulation. We demonstrate an order of magnitude
increase in the optical forces acting on micrometer sized colloidal particles using cavity enhanced evanescent waves,
compared with evanescent wave produced by conventional prism-coupling techniques. The combination of the enhanced
optical interaction and the wide area illumination provided by the prism coupler makes it an ideal geometry for studying
the collective dynamics of many particles over a large area. We study the different type of ordering observed when
particles of different sizes are accumulated at the centre of this novel optical trap. We find that for large particles sizes
(greater than 2μm), colloid dynamics are primarily driven by thermodynamics, whilst for smaller particles, in the range
of 200-600nm, particles ordering is dictated by optical-matter interactions. We suggest a qualitative model for the
observed optically induced ordering occurs and discuss how these results tie in with existing demonstrations of twodimensional
optical binding.
Optical binding may arise due to interplay between light scattering and refraction creating equilibrium positions for particles in a self-consistent manner. Binding is observed for the first time in biological cells within a dual beam fiber trap.
We demonstrate that counter-propagating light fields have the ability to create self-organized one-dimensional optically bound arrays of microscopic particles, where the light fields adapt to the particle locations and vice versa. We are able to create chains of up to 9 particles with only modest laser power. We outline the experimental observation of this phenomenon examining the effect of laser wavelength (780nm and 1064nm) and particle size (1, 2.3 and 3 micron diameter sphere sizes) on the interparticle separation. We develop a theoretical model to describe this situation making use of the beam propagation method to calculate the fields. Using the fields we are able to calculate the gradient and scattering forces experienced by the particles. Equilibrium positions in these forces indicate the predicted positions of the spheres. We find good agreement between the theory and experimental data for two and three particles, if the scattering force is assumed to dominate the axial trapping of the particles. We discuss the limitation of the model when dealing with spheres size of the order of the wavelength of light involved and also the experimental uncertainties relating to the measurement of the laser beam waist separations. The extension of these ideas to two and three dimensional optically bound states is also discussed.
High-power, femtosecond light filaments, also termed light strings, are experimentally observed to propagate over distances which substantially exceed the diffraction lengths that would correspond to their transverse dimensions. Thus, they provide a way to deliver high powers of focused light over long distance, and may potentially serve as light probes in remote sensing. We concentrate on a theoretical understanding of the underlying physics. In this talk, we review the results of our computer simulations providing insight into the rich spatio-temporal dynamics of this interesting phenomenon.
Large-scale computer simulations of wide-beam, high-power femtosecond laser pulse propagation in air are presented. Our model, based on the nonlinear Schrodinger equation for the vector field, incorporates the main effects present in air, including diffraction, group-velocity dispersion, absorption and defocusing due to plasma, multiphoton absorption, nonlinear self-focusing and rotational stimulated Raman scattering. The field equation is coupled to a model that describes the plasma density evolution. Intense femtosecond pulses with powers significantly exceeding the critical power for self-focusing in air are simulated to study turbulence-induced filament formation, their mutual interaction via a low-intensity background, dynamics of the field polarization, and evolution of the polarization patterns along the propagation direction.
Large-scale computer simulations of wide-beam, high-power femtosecond laser pulse propagation in air are presented. Our model, based on the nonlinear Schroedinger equation for the vector field, incorporates the main effects present in air, including diffraction, group-velocity dispersion, absorption and defocusing due to plasma, multiphoton absorption, nonlinear self-focusing and rotational stimulated Raman scattering. The field evolution is coupled to a model that describes the plasma density evolution. Intense femtosecond pulses with powers significantly exceeding the critical power for self-focusing in air are simulated to study turbulence-induced filament formation, their mutual interaction via a low-intensity background, dynamics of the field polarization, and evolution of the polarization patterns along the propagation direction.
We consider the quantum dynamics of a neutral atom Bose- Einstein condensate in a double-well potential, including hard-sphere particle interactions. Using a mean-field factorization we show that the coherent oscillations due to tunnelling are suppressed when the number of atoms exceeds a critical value. An exact quantum solution, in a two-mode approximation, shows that the mean-field solution is modulated by a quantum collapse and revival sequence. Chaotic dynamics results when the potential is modulated.
As part of a research program to understand and model eye damage produced by exposure to subnanosecond laser pulses, an effort is currently being made to model and analyze ultrashort pulse propagation from the cornea to the retina. Both analytical models and numerical simulations are being used to analyze the effects of self-focusing, laser-induced breakdown (LIB), and plasma-pulse interaction. The modeling effort is coupled with experimental measurements of LIB thresholds and plasma shielding for visible, picosecond (psec) and femtosecond (fsec) pulses in water, which serves as a reasonable simulant for the vitreous humor of the eye. Comparison of LIB thresholds to the critical power for self-focusing indicates that self-focusing has little effect on LIB thresholds for long psec pulses. For short psec and fsec pulses, however, numerical simulations show that self-focusing is critical to LIB in water. These results indicate that self-focusing may play a role in fsec pulse ocular damage, by influencing whether LIB and plasma-pulse interaction occur at the retina, in the vitreous, or both. Both the location of the LIB event and the amount of plasma shielding can significantly effect the degree of damage.
We report on the spectral properties of an inhomogeneously-pumped circular-grating distributed-feedback semiconductor laser. Numerically modeling the exact coupled-mode equations, we find that, in comparison with the homogeneous case, a Gaussian optical pump results in greater azimuthal mode discrimination, a broader multi-mode spectral envelope, and a wider fundamental linewidth.
Semiconductor quantum dots are being investigated as a new material system for a variety of optoelectronic applications. We will discuss applications of quantum dots for optical switching in waveguide structures, optical data storage, and potential light sources. We emphasize why quantum dots with discrete spectra are expected to be superior in many applications compared with other systems, such as bulk and quantum wells with continuum spectra. We also report on our fabrication of cadmium sulfide quantum dot sol-gel glass channel waveguides using the potassium ion-exchange technique. The waveguides were optically characterized and cross-correlation measurements showed significant pulse shaping, both spectrally and temporally, after femtosecond laser pulses were propagated through the waveguide.
This paper describes a noise theory for semiconductor microlasers which combines a microscopic description of the semiconductor medium and also macroscopic field propagation effects. Such a model is particularly apt for gain-guided systems whose noise properties can show significant deviations from sipmle plane-wave models.
We summarize our ultrafast switching results in GaAs multiple quantum well directional couplers and report on coherent pulse propagation in single strip-loaded GaAs multiple quantum well waveguides. The transmitted pulse shape is measured by sum frequency generation cross-correlation and compared with calculations based on the coupled semiconductor Bloch and Maxwell's equations.
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