Off-axis three-mirror anastigmatic (TMA) system adopt off-axis aspheric mirror for high resolution telescope. However,
residual tooling marks from advanced aspheric fabrication techniques such as computer controlled optical surfacing
(CCOS) are difficult to remove. These marks typically in the mid-spatial frequency (MSF), in optical fabrication also
named surface band error. MSF will reduce MTF and contrast. This paper using Fourier method to research the
relationship between MSF and the reduction, and applies simulation method to analyze the effect of fabrication residual
marks on the loss of MTF in off-axis TMA optical system, also analyze the scatter influence of MSF by plot the
relationship between surface errors PV/RMS and spot diameter.
The wavefront coding technology is known as a system-level technology which can extend the
depth of focus of optical system by innovative optical design and image restoration. This
technology can control misfocus related aberrations including misfocus, astigmatism, and Petzval
curvature, temperature-related misfocus in digital imaging systems. It can also help optical system
tolerate more residual error in optical manufacturing and alignment besides misfocus. The brief
introduction of wavefront coding technology and the wavefront coded TMA system under
research is presented respectively in part 1 and part 2. The "MTF similarity" is defined to describe
the relationship among MTF at different position or different fields in the third part. It is also
shown in this part that the MTF similarity of wavefront coded system is much higher than the
normal system within a large range. In part 4 comparison between the origin system and the new
system with wavefront coding technology is provided after multiple errors are introduced, from
which it can be observed that the system with wavefront coding technology can tolerate much
bigger error than origin system. The error tolerance is
re-distributed according to a new criterion
based on MTF similarity. If the MTF similarity is less than a certain value, it can be regarded that the system can tolerate the residual error. The new error tolerance is displayed and it is shown that the wavefront coding technology can also loosen the error distributing besides extended the depth of focus.
In previous work, wavefront coding technology has been applied on an off-axis three mirror
anastigmatic optical system. The secondary mirror is selected as the wavefront coded element.
After redesigned the surface of secondary mirror becomes an unusual unrotational-symmetric
surface with cubic term, which can not be tested by traditional null testing with compensator. For
preparing for manufacturing and testing this kind of elements, a simple cubic surface whose
equation is z=3λ(x3 + y3) (where x, y is normalized coordinate, λ=0.6328 μm) is polished.
The final surface figure is 0.327λ(PV) and 0.023λ(RMS). The manufacture of this surface is
introduced in this paper. The tilt component is subtracted to minimize the material removal. Also a
non-null method is described for testing the experimental element. The deviation from a reference
plane of the cubic surface is regarded as system error. In another words, the ideal cubic surface is
set as the reference artificially. A special system error file for interferometer can be created so that
the cubic term can be extracted during the testing process automatically. The residual error is just
the departure from the ideal figure of the surface under machining by this way. The error and
effective range is also presented. But the method may not be practical for the secondary mirror as
wavefront coded element because the surface of that kind is convex asphere added cubic term. An
improved non-null method is discussed for testing this kind of surface.
Wavefront coding (WFC) technology can extend the depth of focus of an optical system, which makes the application of this technology to space cameras extremely attractive. This paper introduces the application of wavefront coding to three-mirror anastigmatic optical systems. A transition model is established, in which the secondary mirror is regarded as the wavefront coding element and redesigned according to mathematical calculation. A comparison of modulation transfer function (MTF) behavior between the traditional system and the innovative system with wavefront coding technology is provided. The MTF behavior of both on-axis and off-axis field-of-view points remains the same in spite of the extended depth of focus. It is also observed that the system becomes very insensitive to aberration related to defocus through WFC technology. Errors in optical design and its improvement are discussed. The linear transition model is proven to be an acceptable one. Finally, an extension factor for the depth of focus is defined, and its effect is presented graphically.
KEYWORDS: Coronagraphy, Signal to noise ratio, Ultraviolet radiation, Photons, Charge-coupled devices, Microchannel plates, Solar processes, Visible radiation, Quantum efficiency, Sun
Using solar blind ultraviolet (SBUV) spectral light imaging technology to detect corona is a kind of advanced
technology this time. Corona can be detected and imaged by using solar blind ultraviolet intensifier charge coupled
device (SBUVICCD) without complex background to be processed. In this paper how to use ICCD to detect corona
was analyzed. Imaging process of Gen II SBUVICCD was introduced and what will be noted during design
instruments based on SBUVICCD to detect corona was also discussed. Some methods for deciding corona
discharge level by using images from SBUVICCD were discussed sequentially. Finally, some corona pictures taken
by using SBUVICCD were shown and expressed to support the items mentioned above. The result shows that
SBUVICCD is suitable for corona detection in site.
Wavefront coding technology can extend the depth of focus of a well-corrected three-mirror anastigmatic optical system by about ten times, but the image obtained directly by charge-coupled devices blurs at the same time. An effective image restoration must be applied to these blurred images. This paper describes an innovative method that restores the blurred image, which combines the optical design software and mathematical software. The point spread function of system with wavefront coding technology is quite different from the usual and difficult to simulate by a disk function or other simple function in most cases. The commercial optical design software is applied to obtain the point spread function. If a 1×1-pixel image with brightness 255 is set as the point source of a optical system, the result of calculation software using a ray tracing algorithm will itself be the digital point spread function. This is proven to be a simple and effective way to acquire the complicated point spread functions of unusual optical systems such as those using wavefront coding technology. A regularization factor and contrast-adjusting factors are introduced into the classical Wiener filter, which achieves good restored images: the root-mean-square error is less than 0.0193, while the peak signal-noise ratio is higher than 23.7. Some parameters of the filter can be adjusted so that the restored image is more suitable for evaluation by eye. It is also shown that a single filter can restore all the images within the extended depth of focus.
Image fusion refers to the integration of complementary information provided by various sensors such that the new images are more useful for human or machine perception. Multiwavelet transform has simultaneous orthogonality, symmetry, compact support, and vanishing moment, which are not possible with scalar wavelet transform. Multiwavelet analysis can offer more precise image analysis than wavelet multiresolution analysis. In this paper, a new image fusion algorithm based on discrete multiwavelet transform (DMWT) to fuse the dual-spectral images generated from the corona detection system is presented. The dual-spectrum detection system is used to detect the corona and indicate its exact location. The system combines a solar-blind UV ICCD with a visible camera, where the UV image is useful for detecting UV emission from corona and the visible image shows the position of the corona. The developed fusion algorithm is proposed considering the feature of the UV and visible images adequately. The source images are performed at the pixel level. First, a decomposition step is taken with the DMWT. After the decomposition step, a pyramid for each source image in each level can be obtained. Then, an optimized coefficient fusion rule consisting of activity level measurement, coefficient combining and consistency verification is used to acquire the fused coefficients. This process reduces the impulse noise of UV image. Finally, a new fused image is obtained by reconstructing the fused coefficients using inverse DMWT. This image fusion algorithm has been applied to process the multispectral UV/visible images. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the discrete wavelet transform based approach.
KEYWORDS: Digital signal processing, Image processing, Ultraviolet radiation, Coronagraphy, Visible radiation, Embedded systems, Cameras, Charge-coupled devices, Signal processing, Video
The method how to detect and locate corona real-time by double spectrums image, UV spectrum image and visible spectrum image of the object, was introduced. And the construction of an embedded system on which the double spectrums detection method can be realized was also introduced. CCD cameras' control data and their output image data were processed respectively. Using this kind of system, we can find the corona real-time by a combined image, thus where the electric leakage is can be found quickly. Experiments indicate this method and the embedded system with multiple DSPs suits for corona detection.
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