The SMS, Simultaneous Multiple Surfaces, design was born to Nonimaging Optics applications and is now being
applied also to Imaging Optics. In this paper the wave aberration function of a selected SMS design is studied.
It has been found the SMS aberrations can be analyzed with a little set of parameters, sometimes two. The
connection of this model with the conventional aberration expansion is also presented. To verify these mathematical
model two SMS design systems were raytraced and the data were analyzed with a classical statistical
methods: the plot of discrepancies and the quadratic average error. Both the tests show very good agreement
with the model for our systems.
Using the Simultaneous Multiple Surface method in 2D (SMS2D), we present a
fast catadioptric objective with a wide field of view (125°×96°designed for a microbolometer
detector with 640×480 pixels and 25 microns pixel pitch.
Using the Simultaneous Multiple Surface method in 2D (SMS2D), we present a fast catadioptric objective with a wide
field of view (125°×96°) designed for a microbolometer detector with 640×480 pixels and 25 microns pixel pitch
Keywords: Infrared lens design, thermal imaging, Schwarzschild configuration, SMS2D, wide field of view, driving
cameras, panoramic systems
Using the Simultaneous Multiple Surface method in 2D (SMS2D), we present a fast catadioptric objective with a wide
field of view (125°×96°) designed for a microbolometer detector with 640×480 pixels and 25 microns pixel pitch.
The Simultaneous Multiple Surfaces (SMS) was developed as a design method in Nonimaging Optics during the 90s.
Later, the method was extended for designing Imaging Optics. We present an overview of the method applied to imaging
optics in planar (2D) geometry and compare the results with more classical designs based on achieving aplanatism of
different orders. These classical designs are also viewed as particular cases of SMS designs. Systems with up to 4
aspheric surfaces are shown.
The SMS design strategy is shown to perform always better than the classical design (in terms of image quality).
Moreover, the SMS method is a direct method, i.e., it is not based in multi-parametric optimization techniques. This
gives the SMS method an additional interest since it can be used for exploring solutions where the multiparameter
techniques can get lost because of the multiple local minima.
The simultaneous multiple surface (SMS) method has been used to design nonimaging devices, such as solar concentrators and collimators, which work near the thermodynamic limit at highest efficiencies. The very high compactness of these devices is obtained through the simultaneous design of two high-order (above 30th) aspheric surfaces. In imaging optics, low-order aspheric surfaces were introduced to correct Seidel aberrations. The ease with which the SMS method calculates higher-order aspheric surfaces offers great advantages in imaging design.
The SMS method can design N rotationally-symmetric surfaces that, by definition, form sharp images of N one-parameter subsets of rays. The design strategy consists in finding the best configuration of these subsets of rays in phase-space, one that ensures that image-quality specifications will be met by all non-design rays. As a first example of an SMS imaging device, a new video projection optics system is presented, featuring extremely short throw distance, high compactness and wide angle projection.
The simultaneous multiple surface (SMS) method has been used to design nonimaging devices, such as solar
concentrators and collimators, which work near the thermodynamic limit at highest efficiencies. The very high
compactness of these devices is obtained through the simultaneous design of two high-order (above 30th) aspheric
surfaces. In imaging optics, low-order aspheric surfaces were introduced to correct Seidel aberrations. The ease with
which the SMS method calculates higher-order aspheric surfaces offers great advantages in imaging design.
The SMS method can design N rotationally-symmetric surfaces that, by definition, form sharp images of N one-parameter
subsets of rays. The design strategy consists in finding the best configuration of these subsets of rays in
phase-space, one that ensures that image-quality specifications will be met by all non-design rays. As a first example
of an SMS imaging device, a new video projection optics system is presented, featuring extremely short throw distance,
high compactness and wide angle projection.
KEYWORDS: Solar concentrators, Prisms, Optics manufacturing, Silicon solar cells, Silicon, Manufacturing, Solar cells, Lamps, Design for manufacturability, Photovoltaics
A novel photovoltaic concentrator has been developed in the framework of the European project "High efficiency silicon solar cells concentrator". In this project, front-contacted silicon solar cell have also been designed and manufactured by the project leader (the French LETI). This silicon cell concept is potentially capable to perform well (24% efficiency has been predicted) for much higher concentration levels than the back-contacted cells (and, of course, than the two-side contacted cells).
The concentrator is formed by one lens of squared contour with flat entry surface and large-facet Fresnel exit surface, and a secondary that encapsulates the solar cell. On the contrary to the conventional Fresnel lens plus nonimaging secondary concentrators, the primary and secondary are designed simultaneously, leading to better concentration-acceptance angle product without compromise with the compactness.
The grid lines in the front-contacted cells are aluminium prisms (which contact the p+ and n+ emitters, alternatively), acting as a linear cone concentrator that concentrates Cg =1.52× in the cross sectional dimension of the prisms. The secondary concentrator has a refractive rotational symmetric top surface that is crossed with two linear flow-line TIR mirror. Then, in the cross section normal to the aluminium prisms, the secondary provides a 2D concentration of Cg =12×, while in the cross section parallel to the prisms it provides a 2D concentration of Cg =24.16× as the grid lines in this dimension. Therefore, the cell is rectangular (1:2.08 aspect ratio), being the grid lines parallel to the shorter rectangle side. The total 3D geometrical concentration is 24.16×(12×1.52) = 455× for the square aperture and rectangular cell, and gets a design acceptance angle α=±1.8 degrees.
Injection moulded prototypes are have been manufactured and measured, proving an optical efficiency of 79%. Computer modelling of the concentrator performance will also be presented.
The Simultaneous Multiple Surfaces design method (SMS), proprietary technology of Light Prescription Innovators (LPI), was developed in the early 1990's as a two dimensional method. The first embodiments had either linear or rotational symmetry and found applications in photovoltaic concentrators, illumination optics and optical communications. SMS designed devices perform close to the thermodynamic limit and are compact and simple; features that are especially beneficial in applications with today's high brightness LEDs. The method was extended to 3D "free form" geometries in 1999 that perfectly couple two incoming with two outgoing wavefronts. SMS 3D controls the light emitted by an extended light source much better than single free form surface designs, while reaching very high efficiencies. This has enabled the SMS method to be applied to automotive head lamps, one of the toughest lighting tasks in any application, where high efficiency and small size are required. This article will briefly review the characteristics of both the 2D and 3D methods and will present novel optical solutions that have been developed and manufactured to meet real world problems. These include various ultra compact LED collimators, solar concentrators and highly efficient LED low and high beam headlamp designs.
Conventional incandescent light bulbs have a wire filament acting as an extended light source with nearly constant intensity throughout its quasi-spherical emission pattern. Here we present a novel family of optical devices that make use of commercially available Lambertian or near-Lambertian LED light sources, in conjunction with tailored optical element bonded to the top surface of the LED. These hybrid devices can emulate the output of traditional incandescent filaments, or can be designed to produce a wide range of light output beam patterns. We call these new devices Virtual Filaments, as they can be designed to appear the same as an incandescent filament, with a similar light output pattern, and having a similar focal position above the base. These new lamps can then be used in the same applications as those they replace, thus eliminating the need to redesign or replace the original luminaire. We present several possible optical designs that can be used with a number of standard LEDs to replace standard incandescent bulbs. In one example we show a design that provides an output with near-uniform intensity across a full beam angle of 300 degrees, from a focal position 20 mm above an LED. Other major advantages of these new devices include their ability to be given sharp cutoffs, to homogenize non-uniform LED light sources and to color-mix the output of RGB LEDs.
The simultaneous multiple surface (SMS) method is used to design air-gap RXI-type lenses, which efficiently produce a very narrow beam from high-powered LEDs. These designs are compact, with both front surface and reflecting back surface calculated simultaneously from periphery inward, as profiles of circular symmetry, via applying the edge-ray principle to the chip geometry. The light source is a Lambertian-glowing cube 1.2 mm square and 0.15 mm high, as viewed through its clear (n = 1.54) package dome, with emission down to 95 deg from the symmetry axis. A given exit-aperture diameter defines a minimum, étendue-limited collimation angle, = arc sin (chip-width/diameter). At the center of the back surface there is a cavity surrounding the source. The front surface reflects that source flux to the back surface, which reflects it back forward again, accomplishing the optical folding thereby. The back surface is shaped so that the light it reflects forward will be refracted out the front surface to become the collimated output beam.
The air-gap RXI lens efficiently produces a very narrow beam from high-powered LEDs. This design has an aspect ratio of 5, with both front surface and reflecting back surface designed simultaneously from periphery inwards, as profiles of circular symmetry, via applying the edge-ray principle to the chip geometry. The light source is a Lambertian-glowing cube 1.2 mm square and 0.15 mm high, as viewed through its clear (n=1.54) package dome, with emission down to 95° from the symmetry axis. A given exit-aperture diameter defines a minimum, etendue-limited collimation angle, α=arcsin(chip-width/diameter). At the center of the back surface is a tailored quasi-hemispheric cavity surrounding the source and serving to uniformly distribute the source flux over the front surface. The front surface reflects that source flux to the back surface, which reflects it back forward again, accomplishing the optical folding thereby. The back surface is shaped so that the light it reflects forward will be refracted out the front surface to become the collimated output beam.
In this work we present laser-based novel devices that maximize the emitted power for constant eye safety level and beam divergence angle, i.e., without affecting the eye safety classification or the necessary tracking accuracy. This is achieved by breaking the spatial coherence of the beam, which allows the system to be considered as an extended light source. The system comprises a laser, a diffuser, a collimator and, sometimes, other optical elements. As an example, one of the devices is composed of a laser, a Lambertian reflective-type diffuser, and a single-piece reflective-refractive collimator of 20 mm aperture and ultra-high numerical aperture (NA = 1.43), which re-collimates the radiation into 3.5 deg. (full angle). According to the IEC 60825-1:1993 (amendment 2, 2001-01), the Accessible Emission Limit (AEL) (Class 1, wavelength λ = 780 nm, exposure T = 30000 s) for this device is 35.9 times greater than that of a laser with the same divergence angle (15.6 dB), i.e., this device is allowed to emit 35.9 times more power than that of the laser alone with the same divergence angle. The switching time, the beam divergence and the eye safety classification remain the same. This power gain varies with the design conditions. In the cases analyzed it goes from = 8.4 (9.24dB) to 551.3 (27.4 dB).
Conservation of etendue or phase space volume has been a useful tool in nonimaging design and analysis. It is one of the Poincare's invariants associated to any Hamiltonian system. It expresses that the phase space volume of a region representing a bundle of rays do not vary when the rays proceed along the optical system. Another of these invariants is the 2D etendue conservation in 3D optical systems. This invariant can be expressed as the conservation along the ray trajectories of the differential form: dxdp + dydq + dzdr where x, y, z are position coordinates and p, q, r are the conjugate variables in the Hamiltonian formulation. When the optical system is frequency dependent (through the dependence of the refractive index of w) or it is time dependent, then the Hamiltonian formulation must include two new variables: t (time) and its conjugate variable -w. The application of the 2D etendue conservation to this new set of variables allows formulating the conditions for achromatic designs in a simple way. The results are coincident with Conrady's formula and its simplicity permits a direct application to the design of achromatic lenses. We have applied these concepts to the design of achromatic aplanatic aspherical doublets, where the aplanatic condition means free of spherical aberration and circular coma of all orders and the achromatic condition means that the doublet is aplanatic for wavelengths in a neighborhood of the design wavelength. Several examples of these designs are given.
Two new static nonimaging designs for bifacial solar cells are presented. These concentrators have been obtained with the Simultaneous Multiple Surface design method of Nonimaging Optics. The main characteristics of these concentrators are: (1) high compactness, (2) linear symmetry (in order to be made by low cost extrusion), (3) performance close to the thermodynamic limit, and (4) a non-shading sizable gap between at least one of the cell edges and the optically active surfaces. This last feature is interesting because this gap can be used to allocate the interconnections between cells, with no additional optical losses. As an example of the results, one design for an acceptable angle of +/- 30 degrees gets a geometrical concentration of 5.5X, with an average thickness to entry aperture width ratio of 0.24. The 3D ray-tracing analysis of the concentrators is also presented.
Santiago Mar Sardana, Fernando Munoz, Juan-Carlos Gonzalez, Angel de Frutos, Marco Gigosos Perez, M. Inmac De La Rosa Garcia, Maria Perez, Carlos Baladron, Juan Aparicio-Calzada, Juan del Val, Manuel Gonzalez-Delgado, Luis Fuentes, Victor Gonzalez, Andres Bustillo, Ana Gonzalo, Raul Pastor, Maria Gonzalez, Alberto Barbes, Raul Garcia, Anabel Manchon, Ricardo Vergaz, Prudencio Herrero, Maria Martin, Ramon Margarida, Alberto Berjon
In this article we present the different groups of investigation which work at the Department of Optics and Applied Physics of the University of Valladolid (Spain). The areas covered by these groups are the following: (1) optical diagnostic techniques in plasmas, (2) calculation of spectral line shapes, (3) atmospheric optics, (4) radiometry and photometry, and (5) history of science and techniques.
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