This paper summarizes the results of a coherent transmission feasibility study which has been carried out for the coherent optical downlink from the German TerraSAR-X satellite. The receiver is located at an optical ground station. To evaluate the quality of the downlink experiment, effects of atmospheric refractive-index turbulence are investigated.
By means of numerical simulations, the influence of turbulence on the communication system is analyzed. The simulated distorted complex field at the receiver is focused by means of a Fourier transform and superimposed on the local oscillator. The impact on the performance of a shot-noise-limited receiver is studied. This investigation showed that a mean bit error rate of 10-9 is achieved easily for all cases and turbulence conditions.
The impact of phase-piston temporal fluctuations on the optical phase locked loop is investigated analytically. Beam motion with respect to the turbulence cells is taken into account. The calculated values for the additional residual phase noise due to the atmosphere are too small to cause significant deterioration of the receiver performance.
Atmospheric refraction bends optical beams and lets objects appear in positions they not really are. This phenomenon is very important in astronomy. However, astronomical refraction formulas can only be used if the light source is at a very far distance from the observer. Then, atmospheric refraction mainly depends on meteorological conditions on ground.
In case of optical free-space communications, the distances are comparatively short and well-known formulas for astronomical refraction are no longer sufficient. An exact knowledge of the structure of the whole atmosphere is required to assess refraction in this case. Due to the complexity of the atmosphere, analytical solutions are not possible. Hence, a numerical simulation model based on spherical symmetry, atmospheric shell modeling and standard atmosphere models was used instead.
Three different categories of refraction were examined: 1) the observer is situated on ground and the object is at an altitude of at least 25 km, 2) both object and observer are below 25 km and the link path is mainly vertical and 3) both object and observer are in the stratosphere and ray paths are mainly horizontal. The results presented in this work are useful for applications like laser beam pointing and satellite tracking, UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) and HAP (High Altitude Platform) downlinks or long-haul cross-links through the atmosphere, e.g. HAP-HAP or UAV-satellite.
Research activities at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) concerning optical free-space communications have focussed on coherent communication systems for inter-satellite link (ISL) applications for a long time. Under DLR contract Tesat Spacecom has developed the DLR-LCT (laser communications terminal) which relies on coherent technology. This terminal will be verified in space as secondary payload onboard the earth observation satellite TerraSAR-X, to be launched in 2006. In a first step, downlink experiments will be carried out.
The DLR Institute of Communications and Navigation is involved in this ambitious project by assessing the feasibility of the downlink experiment through atmospheric turbulence and by conducting channel measurements. An initial feasibility study shall theoretically investigate the influence of atmospheric turbulence on coherent optical transmission and assess the success probabilities of the particular experiment with regard to the specific ground station conditions. Since theory is always based on arbitrary assumptions on the composition and structure of the atmosphere, measurements at the specific ground station shall be carried out. Measurement results shall enable a refinement of disturbance models in order to predict the condition during the downlink experiments. Relevant atmospheric parameters, such as scintillations, phase-front distortions, atmospheric seeing, angle-of-arrival fluctuations, attenuation, Cn2- and wind profiles will have to be recorded.
To carry out these measurements, DLR will develop an "Atmospheric Turbulence Monitor" (ATM). The ATM mainly consists of a 16-inch telescope and a number of instruments for various measurements. These instruments are based on astronomical devices for use with stars, however have to be modified to be suited for measurements with close objects such as LEO or GEO satellites. The ATM will as well comprise a tracking system, that allows for measurements with LEO satellites such as TerraSAR-X.
This paper presents the outline of the DLR atmospheric turbulence monitoring measurement campaign and describes the preliminary design of the "Atmospheric Turbulence Monitor".
When designing free-space optics systems, one key issue is to assess the impact of scintillations and to find an appropriate link margin to cope with atmospheric fading. Huge effort is spent to find mathematical models to describe laser beam propagation through the atmosphere. However, these models are quite cumbersome to use for the communications engineer. On the other hand, there are empirical models that try to describe the influence of scintillations and other system parameters in a simple and easy to use manner. Nevertheless, they are empirical and not based on theory. This paper is intended to close the gap between mathematical theory and empirical models. Therefore, a simple yet accurate receiver model is introduced. Based on turbulence theory and using the recently proposed convolution method assuming independent sub-aperture intensities, probability distributions of the received power are derived. Aperture averaging as well as multiple transmitter systems can be described this way. Power penalties are found by numerically calculating the resulting bit error probabilities for varying mean values of received power. Finally a model for appropriate link margins under different atmospheric conditions, taking transmitter diversity and aperture averaging into account, is derived and compared to empirical models.
Channel measurements were performed by the German Aerospace Center in various near ground optical channels including a 1.5 km horizontal path as well as a 61km path. These measurements clearly showed that the atmosphere causes very slow fading (compared to the high data rates usually used in optical communication systems), which significantly degrades the transmission quality. As transmitter power and receiver sensitivity are limited by the transmission technology, fading depicts a severe problem, that can be reduced by the use of forward error correction schemes (FEC) in order to improve system performance. Therefore FEC was subject of investigations by means of simulations. To figure out which FEC methods are useful for applications in the atmospheric optical channels simulations of standard block codes and interleavers have been done. They were based on data sets taken in the various channel measurements. The simulations point out that only very long interleaving can increase performance significantly.
KEYWORDS: Transmitters, Scintillation, Receivers, Refraction, Signal attenuation, Data communications, Optical testing, Free space optics, Data transmission, Visibility
Within the frame of the FASOLT project the German Aerospace Center (DLR) performed channel measurements and optical data transmission tests on a 61 km near ground horizontal path. The transmitter was situated on a mountain top in the German Alps with the receiver placed on top of a building at the DLR site in Oberpfaffenhofen. Partners in the FASOLT project were Contraves Space, Switzerland and EADS Military Aircraft, Germany. During a period of several months various data sets of scintillation data were recorded in one and two laterally separated transmitter configurations and under different environmental conditions. A significant decrease of number and depth of fades was observed for the two transmitter setup. This paper presents an overview on the scintillation statistics of this particular optical channel. Also beam offsets due to refraction have been measured and results are presented here. As well as these measurements, data transmission tests at bit rates of 100 Mbps have been performed. A two transmitter configuration with a transmit power of 1 W per laser and a sensitive APD receiver front-end plugged in to a 75mm Rx telescope have been used. Despite severe scintillations, bit error rates (BER) below 1e-4 could be observed, though synchronization losses of the data and clock recovery affected the results. Tests at 155 Mbps (OC-3) and 270 Mbps (SMPTE 259M) were not successful due to high atmospheric attenuation. This paper gives an overview of the entire experimental setup, sums up the results of this long-haul data transmission experiment, and gives an outlook to further DLR activities in the field of free-space optics.
Free-space optical communications systems in the atmosphere, based on intensity modulation and direct detection, are heavily affected by fading caused by turbulence cells of varying scale and motion. Several data sets of fading measurements under different scenarios have been recorded demonstrating this effect. In this paper we introduce a form of free-space laser communications involving a source operating on several wavelengths. The goal is to overcome atmospheric interference on a communications link. We have performed simulations using the DLR PILab Matlab toolbox. These indicate the extent to which the turbulence and beam properties interact. Experimental investigations are planned. Further properties are also taken into account, including the choice of appropriate laser bandwidth and wavelengths, the effect of atmospheric absorption from aerosols and molecular absorption lines, as well as effects of atmospheric structure on beam propagation. Possible scenarios for application of this scheme will be presented as well.
A long-term measurement of the received-power fluctuations caused by atmospheric index-of-refraction turbulence in a near-ground optical free-space laser transmission experiment has been carried out over a eight-months period. Atmospheric index-of-refraction turbulence causes intensity variations in time and space (so called scintillations). These are recorded with differently sized receiver-telescopes, allowing for the calculation of diurnal, seasonal, and
meteorological dependences in the received-power statistics. The purpose of this experiment was to gather data for the evaluation of atmospheric optical free-space transmission scenarios. This paper presents statistical evaluations of received-power fluctuations (scintillation-index, fades) over time-of-day and the season. Comparisons with the meteorological circumstances e.g. windspeed and temperature are made.
The intensity of a laser beam after propagation through turbulent media such as the atmosphere may follow different probability density functions (PDFs) depending on the fluctuation regime. For non-coherent receivers the aperture averaging effect reduces the power scintillation leading to a different PDF. Since the analytical approach of deriving the received power PDF knowing the joint-PDF of the intensity at more than just a few points becomes rapidly complex, we review here a much more simplified approach as well as a simulative approach. Both approaches are based on the results of scintillation theory. First, starting from the PDF of the intensity and its spatial correlation, aperture sub-areas can be defined over which the intensity is assumed equal and independent from other sub-areas' intensity. Under those conditions the power PDF is easily worked out. The validity of this method is evaluated according to the level of spatial correlation of the intensity. In a second method, intensity variables are sampled from the Rx-aperture and an approximation of the power PDF is obtained by generating multivariate correlated intensity values. Weak and strong fluctuation regimes are treated separately and the effects of different resolution of the input-intensity-field are discussed. In addition, this paper compares the predicted power characteristics to those deduced from experimental data where the intensity characteristics (PDF, spatial correlation) have been evaluated.
An optical ground-to-ground direct-detection transmission experiment over 61 km is being performed by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in cooperation with the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS) and Contraves Space AG, Switzerland. Transmission direction is from the mountain Wallberg in the German Alps down to Oberpfaffenhofen (west of Munich). This beam path suffers strongly from optical turbulence especially at the near-ground part along the last kilometers before the receiver. This causes a very demanding situation regarding received-power scintillations. Transmit power from one data source is 1W at 980 nm. Of special interest is the effect of secondary transmitter apertures with 4m lateral offset to the first. Under strong turbulence conditions this provides statistically independent speckle patterns at the receiver thus improving system performance dramatically. This paper presents measurements at the transmission channel, with emphasise on statistical parameters of the scintillations and angle-of-arrival variations with one and two transmitter sources.
The German Aerospace Center (DLR) is currently performing an Optical Free-space Data Transmission Experiment along with the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS), Germany and Contraves Space AG, Switzerland. The scope of this experiment is to verify the tracking capabilities of the OPTEL 02, a space-qualified optical terminal built by Contraves, and to demonstrate optical high data rate transmission through the atmosphere. Two laser diode transmitters at 980 nm, each mounted on a theodolite for static pointing and laterally separated by about 4 meters, were placed on a mountain top in the German Alps at a height of 1620 m. Either pseudo-noise pattern or video data was transmitted. The OPTEL 02, performing acquisiton and tracking, is situated at the DLR site in Oberpfaffenhofen near Munich at 620 m. An APD receiver front-end is connected to the OPTEL 02 in order to receive data up to 270 Mbps. The optical path length between Wallberg and Oberpfaffenhofen is 61 km (about 38 miles). Either bit error rate measurements or video transmission can be performed. This paper presents the experimental setup used, link budget calculations for the particular scenario (including beam divergence, refraction, damping and scintillations), and finally the preliminary results of the experiment.
This paper presents a bread-board model of an optical BPSK homodyne system. A new phase synchronization method--the so- called Virtual Pilot-tone method--enables a dramatic reduction of the system completely. Although fully compatible to the transmit signal of a high data rate Costas Loop system, the receiver design is enormously simplified. Neither an optical 90 degree(s) hybrid nor digital high speed electronics are needed. An additional low data rate auxiliary channel is provided by using a Modulated Residual Carrier and envelope detection.The data rate of this auxiliary channel has to be well below that of the main channel, but is sufficient for transmitting e.g. telemetry data. Both methods and their realization are explained. Simulation and practical results are displayed and compared to a standard Costas Loop design.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.