A single shot automatic optical inspection system for evaluating the projection distance, astigmatism, field curvature and geometric distortions of a virtual image created by a Head-Up Display (HUD) prototype is presented. The system uses plenoptic or light-field imaging. Although results are only presented for a Augmented Reality (AR)/Mixed Reality (MR) HUD application, the inspection workflow is also applicable to a plurality of other optical systems for AR, MR, and Virtual Reality (VR) applications. The evaluation of the quality of a latent image (in most cases a virtual image) is necessary in all these systems, both for product development as well as for end-of-line production quality control. Therefore the results here presented should have an appeal for a broad readership.
For the HUD virtual image, the projected distance distribution functions are presented, for two selected patches in the FOV (Area 1 and 2). These are well described by Gaussians. As representative values, we obtained a mean projected distance of 0.15 ± 0.02 (horizontal details) and 0.03 ± 0.02 (vertical) Diopters, for Area 1, and 0.33 ± 0.04 (horizontal) and 0.03 ± 0.02 (vertical) Diopters, for Area 2. The estimated astigmatism is 0.12 and 0.30 Diopters, for Areas 1 and 2, respectively. When expressed in meters, the projected distances are 7 1 (horizontal) and 28 9 (vertical), for Area 1, and 3.1 ± 0.4 (horizontal) and 30 ± 10 (vertical), for Area 2. The estimated astigmatic difference is 21 and 23 meters, for Areas 1 and 2, respectively.
An Automatic Optical Inspection (AOI) system for optical inspection of imaging devices used in automotive industry using an inspecting optics of lower spatial resolution than the device under inspection is described. This system is robust and with no moving parts. The cycle time is small. Its main advantage is that it is capable of detecting and quantifying defects in regular patterns, working below the Shannon-Nyquist criterion for optical resolution, using a single low resolution image sensor. It is easily scalable, which is an important advantage in industrial applications, since the same inspecting sensor can be reused for increasingly higher spatial resolutions of the devices to be inspected. The optical inspection is implemented with a notch multi-band Fourier filter, making the procedure especially fitted for regular patterns, like the ones that can be produced in image displays and Head Up Displays (HUDs). The regular patterns are used in production line only, for inspection purposes. For image displays, functional defects are detected at the level of a sub-image display grid element unit. Functional defects are the ones impairing the function of the display, and are preferred in AOI to the direct geometric imaging, since those are the ones directly related with the end-user experience. The shift in emphasis from geometric imaging to functional imaging is critical, since it is this that allows quantitative inspection, below Shannon-Nyquist. For HUDs, the functional detect detection addresses defects resulting from the combined effect of the image display and the image forming optics.
Cesium hydrogen L-malate monohydrate, CsH(C4H4O5).H2O, is a new non-linear optical semi-organic crystalline material with a second harmonic generation efficiency roughly 2.5 times greater than KDP. Its crystal structure, space group P21, shows that the malate anions, are interconnected through directional O-H•••O hydrogen bonding, in a head-to-tail arrangement, creating extended anionic layers. The water molecules provide a cross-link, through hydrogen bonding, between adjacent layers. Especially noteworthy is that the Cesium cations and the COO- group from the malate anions, form a sequence of nearly perfectly aligned dipoles oriented along the b crystallographic axis giving a permanent dipole moment of 38 Debye per unit cell. As the crystals are non hygroscopic and easy to grow, they are potential new material for nonlinear optical and pyroelectric applications.
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