Ambient air quality (AQ) is a recurrent issue in cities, exacerbated in low- and middle-income countries. Global AQ impacts on health can be assessed using an aggregated health risk indicator (ƩRIs), derived from in-situ stations, chemical transport models (CTMs) or satellite data. AQ monitoring is well covered in the city of Munich (Germany): in-situ stations, POLYPHEMUS CTM with three domains, CAMS-Reanalysis of the regional model ensemble and satellite data from MODIS. From these data sets, the ƩRIs was calculated considering four major air pollutants (NO2, PM10, PM2.5, O3), using their respective relative risk for the mortality-all causes health end-point. Then, the ƩRIs from the models and the satellite data were compared to the ƩRIs in-situ by means of basic statistics, time series and violin plots and the mean relative difference (MRD). Using the ƩRIs allows to further observe the contribution of individual pollutants to the index. For the mortality all causes health end point between 2017 and 2018, ground observations and CTMs show an increase of ca. 12-13% when exposed to ambient air pollution. The difference between traffic and background stations can be observed: ƩRIs in situ mean is higher at the traffic station than at the background stations. This order is however reversed when considering ƩRIs mean from the models. The four CTMs simulate the ƩRIs well and its seasonality is also represented. Most of the data are spread around the mean and the median for all data sets and stations with an overall distribution skewed towards high values. With 0.5<r2<0.6, POLYPHEMUS/DLR yields medium correlation, regardless the domain, while CAMS-Reanalysisreturns high correlation (r2 ≈ 0.8) for all the studied stations. The MRD indicates an underestimation of the ƩRIs by CAMS-Reanalysis, while POLYPHEMUS tends to overestimate it for the larger domains (positive MRD). The difference in the r2 between the two CTMs is due to their singularities: POLYPHEMUS/DLR uses free runs while CAMS-Reg uses a data assimilation process with station measurements (among them the two studied background stations). The overestimation of Johanneskirchen by POLYPHEMUS/DLR comes from its location nearby a power plant and the wind direction. Finally, the very high values in early 2017 can be explained by fireworks, which are not reproduced by models. It is show in this study that estimating a global health risk from air pollution is possible using in-situ measurements, models and satellite. Finally, satellite data can be helpful to assess the ƩRIs worldwide
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has strong and adverse effects on the environment and human health. To estimate health risks and environmental impacts it is very important to know about current and prospective amounts of ground-level PM2.5 concentrations on regional scales. The in-situ station network in Germany is well developed but still provides only selective spatial information on air pollution. For a gapless monitoring additional data sets are required. Satellite data provides area-wide measurements of air pollutants and can depict their synoptic distribution in an adequate way. Chemical-transport models are moreover able to predict the amount and dispersion of aerosols in a very high temporal and spatial resolution, which makes them the key tool in monitoring air quality on regional and local scales. Modelling of aerosols is still very uncertain due to the complexity of accurately including aerosol properties and transfer processes, but also because of inaccurate emission data bases. In our study we use satellite data to produce detailed maps of PM2.5 distributions for Germany with the objective of using them as input for the air quality forecast system POLYPHEMUS/DLR. We want to improve the general performance of the model by adjusting the PM2.5 amounts in the model with observation data from satellites in terms of data assimilation. PM2.5 concentrations cannot be measured directly by satellites. This paper presents a semi-empirical linear regression approach to estimate ground-level PM2.5 concentrations using satellite observations of aerosol optical depth (AOD). The method was applied to different satellite sensor products, namely MODIS and SLSTR. For both sensors the resulting PM2.5 concentrations showed good correlations with in-situ station measurements with R-values of 0.83 for MODIS and 0.81 for SLSTR for the considered year 2018. Differences in the spatial coverage of the two satellite sensors induced us to combine the data sets to an ensemble product. We found major benefits using this ensemble, primarily regarding the data amount for the calculation of local mean values of PM2.5 concentrations. We could produce detailed maps of ground-level PM2.5 concentrations which can be used for the identification of high polluted areas, the monitoring of transnational pollution patterns and the localization of specific emission sources. The assimilation of the produced datasets into the air quality model POLYPHEMUS/DLR will be the next step in our study.
Chemical-transport models are a persuasive tool to predict and study air pollution on different temporal and spatial scales. However, due to the complexity of physics and chemistry of air pollutants’ interactions and lack of precise input data, these models have uncertainties. In particular, most of the emission data have a too coarse resolution and are not appropriate for application in urban scale air quality modelling. In this study, a downscaling approach is utilized for emission data in order to improve the air pollutants concentration simulation over Munich city using the POLYPHEMUS/DLR chemistry-transport model (CTM). Traffic emission from the Bavarian Emission Kataster (EKATBY) 2004 anthropogenic emissions dataset with 2 km resolution is downscaled to 100 m with regard to the highresolution OpenStreetMap roads paths and areal emission sources are relocated on the most populated and active sites which have been determined from VIIRS NOAA satellite-derived night light data. In addition, the EEA CORINE 2012 land use data is implemented with 100 m grid resolution to improve e.g. the biogenic emissions. Regarding aerosols, the SIze REsolved Aerosol Module (SIREAM) for aerosol dynamic and the Secondary Organic Aerosol Model (SORGAM) are applied. The CTM is driven by WRF 3.5 meteorological forecasts. In order to have reliable simulations, the one-way grid nesting method with four domains is employed, where the coarsest domain covers Europe and the finest covers Munich city area.
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