In a computed radiography (CR) system, there are a number of different mechanisms that cause blurring. The aim of this study was to analyze intrinsic system factors of CR systems that could affect the modulation transfer function (MTF), such as afterglow during readout and the anti-alias filter before analog to digital converter. Methods and Materials: Mathematical slit and edge images were generated from analytical functions. These images were arranged perpendicularly to the laser scan and the plate scan directions, respectively. The influence of afterglow and the anti-alias filter was simulated by using Microsoft Excel. The MTF values calculated from those simulation images were compared with the theoretical MTF values obtained analytically. Results: MTF values in the laser scan direction measured with the slit and edge methods were significantly lower than MTF values in the plate scan direction. The degree of influence on MTF with respect to afterglow and the anti-alias filters was different depending on the measurement method and the scan directions of CR systems. The influence of the anti-alias filters mainly contributed to the differences between MTF values with the slit and edge methods in the laser scan direction.
Purpose: The modulation transfer function (MTF) in Computed Radiography (CR) for the laser scan direction is
generally lower than that for the plate scan direction. In a CR system, there are a number of different mechanisms that
cause blurring. We analyzed intrinsic system factors of CR that could affect the MTF, such as afterglow, during readout
and the anti-alias filter of analog to digital converter (ADC) in different scan directions. Methods and Materials:
Mathematical slit and edge images were generated from analytical functions. These images were arranged
perpendicularly to the laser scan and the plate scan directions, respectively. We simulated the influence of afterglow and
the anti-alias filter by using Microsoft Excel. The MTFs calculated from those simulation images were compared with
the theoretical MTFs obtained analytically. Results: MTFs in the laser scan direction measured with the slit and edge
method were significantly lower than MTFs in the plate scan direction because of afterglow and the anti-alias filters. The
degree of the influence on MTF with respect to afterglow and the anti-alias filters was different depending on the
measurement method and the scan directions of CR.
Similar treatment plans or similar cases in radiotherapy treatment planning (RTP) databases of senior experienced
planners could be helpful or educational for treatment planners who have few experiences of stereotactic body
radiotherapy (SBRT). The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of beam arrangements determined using
similar cases in a RTP database including plans designed by experienced treatment planners. Similar cases were
automatically selected based on geometrical features and planning evaluation indices from 81 cases with lung cancer
who received SBRT. First, the RTP database was searched for the five most similar cases based on geometrical features
related to the location, size, and shape of the planning target volume, lung, and spinal cord. Second, the five beam
arrangements of an objective case were automatically determined by registering five similar cases to the objective case
with respect to lung regions by means of a linear registration technique. For evaluation of the beam arrangements, five
plans were designed by applying the beam arrangements determined in the second step to the objective case. The most
usable beam arrangement was selected by sorting the five plans based on 11 planning evaluation indices including tumor
control probability and normal tissue complication probability. We applied the proposed two-step method to 10 test
cases by using an RTP database of 81 cases with lung cancer, and compared the 11 planning evaluation indices between
the original plan and the corresponding most usable similar-case-based plan. As a result, there were no statistically
significant differences between the original beam arrangements and the most usable similar-case-based beam
arrangements (P > 0.05) in terms of the 10 planning evaluation indices. The proposed method suggested usable beam
arrangements with little difference from cases in the RTP database, and thus it could be employed as an educational tool
for less experienced treatment planners.
We have developed a computerized evaluation method of white matter hyperintensity (WMH) regions for the diagnosis
of vascular dementia (VaD) based on magnetic resonance (MR) images, and implemented the proposed method as a
graphical interface program. The WMH regions were segmented using either a region growing technique or a level set
method, one of which was selected by using a support vector machine. We applied the proposed method to MR images
acquired from 10 patients with a diagnosis of VaD. The mean similarity index between WMH regions determined by a
manual method and the proposed method was 78.2±11.0%. The proposed method could effectively assist
neuroradiologists in evaluating WMH regions.
Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is one of promising non-invasive magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques for
diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by measuring cerebral blood flow (CBF). The aim of this study was to develop
a computer-aided classification system for AD patients based on CBFs measured by the ASL technique. The average
CBFs in cortical regions were determined as functional image features based on the CBF map image, which was
non-linearly transformed to a Talairach brain atlas by using a free-form deformation. An artificial neural network
(ANN) was trained with the CBF functional features in 10 cortical regions, and was employed for distinguishing patients
with AD from control subjects. For evaluation of the method, we applied the proposed method to 20 cases including
ten AD patients and ten control subjects, who were scanned a 3.0-Tesla MR unit. As a result, the area under the
receiver operating characteristic curve obtained by the proposed method was 0.893 based on a leave-one-out-by-case test
in identification of AD cases among 20 cases. The proposed method would be feasible for classification of patients
with AD.
The measurement of bone mineral content is important for diagnosis of demineralization diseases such as
osteoporosis. A reliable method of obtaining bone mineral images using a digital magnification
mammography system has been developed. The full-field digital phase contrast mammography (PCM)
system, which has a molybdenum target of 0.1mm focal spot size, was used with 1.75 x magnification. We
have performed several phantom experiments using aluminum step wedges (0.2 mm - 6.0 mm in thickness)
and a bone mineral standard phantom composed of calcium carbonate and polyurethane (CaCO3
concentration: 26.7 - 939.0 mg/cm3) within a water or Lucite phantom. X-ray spectra on the exposure field
are measured using a CdTe detector for evaluation of heel effect. From the equations of x-ray attenuation and
the thickness of the subjects, quantitative images of both components were obtained.
The quantitative images of the two components were obtained for different tube voltages of 24 kV to 39
kV. The relative accuracy was less than 2.5% for the entire aluminum thickness of 0.5 to 6.0 mm at 5 cm
water thickness. Accuracy of bone mineral thickness was within 3.5% for 5cm water phantom. The
magnified quantitative images of a hand phantom significantly increased the visibility of fine structures of
bones. The digital magnification mammography system is useful not only for measurement of bone mineral
content, but also high-resolution quantitative imaging of trabecular structure.
Our goal for this study was to attempt to develop a computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) method for classification of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with atrophic image features derived from specific anatomical regions in three-dimensional (3-D) T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images. Specific regions related to the cerebral atrophy of AD were white matter and gray matter regions, and CSF regions in this study. Cerebral cortical gray matter regions were determined by extracting a brain and white matter regions based on a level set based method, whose speed function depended on gradient vectors in an original image and pixel values in grown regions. The CSF regions in cerebral sulci and lateral ventricles were extracted by wrapping the brain tightly with a zero level set determined from a level set function. Volumes of the specific regions and the cortical thickness were determined as atrophic image features. Average cortical thickness was calculated in 32 subregions, which were obtained by dividing each brain region. Finally, AD patients were classified by using a support vector machine, which was trained by the image features of AD and non-AD cases. We applied our CAD method to MR images of whole brains obtained from 29 clinically diagnosed AD cases and 25 non-AD cases. As a result, the area under a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve obtained by our computerized method was 0.901 based on a leave-one-out test in identification of AD cases among 54 cases including 8 AD patients at early stages. The accuracy for discrimination between 29 AD patients and 25 non-AD subjects was 0.840, which was determined at the point where the sensitivity was the same as the specificity on the ROC curve. This result showed that our CAD method based on atrophic image features may be promising for detecting AD patients by using 3-D MR images.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with the degeneration of cerebral cortex, which results in focal volume change or thinning in the cerebral cortex in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Therefore, the measurement of the cortical thickness is important for detection of the atrophy related to AD. Our purpose was to develop a computerized method for automated measurement of the cortical thickness for three-dimensional (3-D) MRI. The cortical thickness was measured with normal vectors from white matter surface to cortical gray matter surface on a voxel-by-voxel basis. First, a head region was segmented by use of an automatic thresholding technique, and then the head region was separated into the cranium region and brain region by means of a multiple gray level thresholding with monitoring the ratio of the first maximum volume to the second one. Next, a fine white matter region was determined based on a level set method as a seed region of the rough white matter region extracted from the brain region. Finally, the cortical thickness was measured by extending normal vectors from the white matter surface to gray matter surface (brain surface) on a voxel-by-voxel basis. We applied the computerized method to high-resolution 3-D T1-weighted images of the whole brains from 7 clinically diagnosed AD patients and 8 healthy subjects. The average cortical thicknesses in the upper slices for AD patients were thinner than those for non-AD subjects, whereas the average cortical thicknesses in the lower slices for most AD patients were slightly thinner. Our preliminary results suggest that the MRI-based computerized measurement of gray matter atrophy is promising for detecting AD.
Diffusion tensor (DT) MRI provides the directional information of water molecular diffusion, which can be utilized to estimate the connectivity of white matter tract pathways in the human brain. Several white matter tractography methods have been developed to reconstruct the white matter fiber tracts using DT-MRI. With conventional methods (e.g., streamline techniques), however, it would be very difficult to trace the white matter tracts passing through the fiber crossing and branching regions due to the ambiguous directional information with the partial volume effect. The purpose of this study was to develop a new white matter tractography method which permits fiber tract branching and passing through crossing regions. Our tractography method is based on a three-dimensional (3D) directional diffusion function (DDF), which was defined by three eigenvalues and their corresponding eigenvectors of DT in each voxel. The DDF-based tractography (DDFT) consists of the segmentation of white matter tract region and fiber tracking process. The white matter tract regions were segmented by thresholding the 3D directional diffusion field, which was generated by the DDF. In fiber tracking, the DDFT method estimated the local tract direction based on overlap of the DDFs instead of the principal eigenvector, which has been used in conventional methods, and reconstructed tract branching by means of a one-to-many relation model. To investigate the feasibility and usefulness of the DDFT method, we applied it to DT-MRI data of five normal subjects and seven patients with a brain tumor. With the DDFT method, the detailed anatomy of white matter tracts was depicted more appropriately than the conventional methods.
X-ray dark-field imaging (DFI) due to refraction is under development with intension of its clinical application. In this system we have adopted an asymmetric-cut monochro-collimator (M) and an angular analyzer (A) of Si 440 diffraction at 35 keV of X-rays. By choosing an appropriate thickness T of A that satisfies the condition T = ΛN where Λ is the extinction distance and N integer the transmissivity in the region of |W| (angular parameter) < 1 should be theoretically almost zero and |W| > 1 should be approximately 70-80%. This has been experimentally proven. Under this condition the X-rays whose propagation direction may not change such as those receiving only absorption will not go into the forward diffraction direction after A but go into the diffraction direction, while the X-rays refracted by object may go into the forward diffraction direction after A. We have settled two targets of clinical views: soft tissues at joints and early check of breast cancer. A first clear image of articular cartilage of small joint was successfully obtained using a proximal interphalangeal joint that was amputated from a cadaver. Since larger view field is needed for clinical use the size of approximately 90 mm in square has been successfully achieved. Using this beam articular cartilage of knee and shoulder joints from the same cadaver have been successfully visualized. Further visibility test by the DFI is under way for a phantom of breast cancer, paraffin fixed sliced breast samples containing micro-calcification, tumor and excised breast tissue.
We, a user group for medical applications of the SPring-8, have proposed the introduction of white X-rays from insertion devices to BMIC (BioMedical Imaging Center) for clinical uses so that enough photon fluxes to a subject is guaranteed. The photon flux, depending on various monochromatizing methods, was compared at the surface of the subject 200 m from a light source.
We have developed a photon-counting 256ch CdTe line detector system for a monochromatic x-ray CT system using fluorescent x-rays generated by synchrotron radiation. The size of each detector element is 1.98 mm(w) X 1.98 mm(h) X 0.5 mm(t). Each element has two discriminators (an upper and a lower discriminator) and two 16-bit counters (an upper and a lower counter). Each discriminator rejects pulses having a pulse height lower than the chosen voltage limits. All pulses in between the upper and lower voltage limits were obtained by subtracting the upper counter value from the lower counter value. By changing the voltage limits, we can obtain an incident x-ray energy spectrum. Several energy spectra for the fluorescent x-ray and standard (gamma) -ray sources were measured by using this detector. The detector showed a sufficient energy resolution, and has been found to be suitable as a detector of monochromatic x-ray CT.
Monochromatic x-ray CT has several advantages over conventional CT, which utilizes bremsstrahlung white x-rays from an x-ray tube. Although various types of monochromatic x-ray CT systems using synchrotron radiation have been developed using a parallel x-ray beam for imaging of small samples with a high spatial resolution, imaging of large objects such as the human body have not been developed yet. We have developed a fan-beam monochromatic x-ray CT using fluorescent x-rays generated by irradiating metal targets by synchrotron radiation. A CdTe linear array detector of 512 mm sensitive width was used in the photon counting mode. We made phantom experiments using fluorescent x-rays ranging from 32 to 75 keV. Monochromatic x-ray CT images of a cylindrical lucite phantom filled with several contrast media have been obtained. Measured CT numbers are compared with linear attenuation coefficients, and they showed a good linearity over a wide range of contrast media concentrations.
In this paper, we describe a 3D computed tomography (3D CT) using monochromatic x-rays generated by synchrotron radiation, which performs a direct reconstruction of 3D volume image of an object from its cone-beam projections. For the develpment of 3D CT, scanning orbit of x-ray source to obtain complete 3D information about an object and corresponding 3D image reconstruction algorithm are considered. Computer simulation studies demonstrate the validities of proposed scanning method and reconstruction algorithm. A prototype experimental system of 3D CT was constructed. Basic phantom examinations and specific material CT image by energy subtraction obtained in this experimental system are shown.
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