Dr. Robert E. Eplee Profile

Dr. Robert E. Eplee

Research Scientist at NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr

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Publications (31)

Proceedings Article | 4 October 2023 Presentation + Paper

Prelaunch radiometric calibration of the thermal response of the PACE Ocean Color Instrument

Robert Eplee, Gerhard Meister, Shihyan Lee, Kenneth Squire, Ulrik Gliese, Joseph Knuble, Deepak Patel

Proceedings Volume 12685, 1268509 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2677463

KEYWORDS: Equipment, Short wave infrared radiation, Temperature metrology, Spectral response, Calibration, Spectrographs, Charge-coupled devices, Radiometric corrections, Radiometric calibration, Thermal analysis

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Proceedings Article | 9 September 2019 Presentation + Paper

The NASA OBPG 2020 on-orbit calibration of SNPP VIIRS for ocean color applications

Robert Eplee, Gerhard Meister, Frederick Patt, Kevin Turpie, Sean Bailey, Bryan Franz

Proceedings Volume 11127, 111271A (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2528769

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Diffusers, Bidirectional reflectance transmission function, Modulation, Sun, Mirrors, Reflectivity, Sensors, Short wave infrared radiation, Remote sensing

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SPIE Journal Paper | 4 February 2019

Estimating residual uncertainties for lunar irradiance measurements due to imaging acquisition parameters

Shihyan Lee, Gerhard Meister, Frederick Patt, Robert Eplee

JARS, Vol. 13, Issue 01, 014508, (February 2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JRS.13.014508

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Point spread functions, Satellites, Calibration, Error analysis, Earth observing sensors, Image acquisition, Environmental sensing, Climatology, MODIS

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Proceedings Article | 3 October 2017 Presentation + Paper

SI-traceable top-of-the-atmosphere lunar irradiance: potential tie-points to the output of the ROLO model

Steven Brown, Robert Eplee, Xiaoxiong Xiong

Proceedings Volume 10402, 1040229 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2274064

KEYWORDS: Atmospheric modeling, Satellites, Sensor calibration, Data modeling, Remote sensing, Calibration, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 21 September 2017 Presentation

Suomi-NPP visible infrared imaging radiometer suite (VIIRS) calibration uncertainty its effect on trends in the ocean color data record (Conference Presentation)

Kevin Turpie, Robert Eplee, Gerhard Meister, Bryan Franz

Proceedings Volume 10402, 104021Z (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2274385

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Visible radiation, Infrared imaging, Radiometry, Climatology, Satellites, Reflectivity, Instrument modeling, Remote sensing, Uncertainty analysis

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Proceedings Article | 5 September 2017 Presentation + Paper

Advances in the on-orbit calibration of SNPP VIIRS for ocean color applications

Robert Eplee, Kevin Turpie, Gerhard Meister, Frederick Patt, Bryan Franz

Proceedings Volume 10402, 1040220 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2273958

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Reflectivity, Satellites, Remote sensing

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Proceedings Article | 8 September 2015 Paper

Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) and uncertainty in the ocean color calibration methodology

Kevin Turpie, Robert Eplee, Gerhard Meister

Proceedings Volume 9607, 96071Q (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2187586

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Data modeling, Visible radiation, Radiometry, Infrared imaging, Reflectivity, Climatology, Short wave infrared radiation, Monte Carlo methods, Error analysis

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Proceedings Article | 8 September 2015 Paper

Updates to the on-orbit calibration of SNPP VIIRS for ocean color applications

Robert Eplee, Kevin Turpie, Gerhard Meister, Frederick Patt, Bryan Franz

Proceedings Volume 9607, 96071P (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2185940

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Diffusers, Short wave infrared radiation, Bidirectional reflectance transmission function, Reflectivity, Sun, Near infrared, Space operations, Instrument modeling, Atmospheric corrections

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Proceedings Article | 8 September 2015 Paper

Geometric effects in SeaWiFS lunar observations

Robert Eplee, Frederick Patt, Gerhard Meister

Proceedings Volume 9607, 960704 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2185939

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Data modeling, MODIS, Instrument modeling, Radiometric corrections, Environmental sensing, Climatology, Phase measurement, Climate change, Performance modeling

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Proceedings Article | 2 October 2014 Paper

Corrections to MODIS Terra calibration and polarization trending derived from ocean color products

Gerhard Meister, Robert Eplee, Bryan Franz

Proceedings Volume 9218, 92180V (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2062714

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Polarization, Calibration, Mirrors, Sensors, Solids, Satellites, Atmospheric modeling, Near infrared, Biology

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Proceedings Article | 23 May 2014 Paper

Calibration uncertainty in ocean color satellite sensors and trends in long-term environmental records

Kevin Turpie, Robert Eplee, Bryan Franz, Carlos Del Castillo

Proceedings Volume 9111, 911103 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2053427

KEYWORDS: Calibration, MODIS, Near infrared, Satellites, Sensors, Environmental sensing, Data modeling, Climatology, Infrared sensors, Monte Carlo methods

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Proceedings Article | 23 September 2013 Paper

A synthesis of VIIRS solar and lunar calibrations

Robert Eplee, Kevin Turpie, Gerhard Meister, Frederick Patt, Gwyn Fireman, Bryan Franz, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 8866, 88661L (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2024069

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Diffusers, MODIS, Bidirectional reflectance transmission function, Reflectivity, Instrument modeling, Space operations, Data modeling, Short wave infrared radiation, Seaborgium

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Proceedings Article | 15 October 2012 Paper

Suomi NPP VIIRS ocean color data product early mission assessment

Kevin Turpie, Wayne Robinson, Bryan Franz, Robert Eplee, Gerhard Meister, Gwyn Fireman, Frederick Patt, Robert Barnes, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 8510, 85101H (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.931113

KEYWORDS: Calibration, MODIS, Sensors, Composites, Climatology, Algorithm development, Magnesium, Atmospheric corrections, Radiometry, Near infrared

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Proceedings Article | 15 October 2012 Paper

VIIRS on-orbit calibration for ocean color data processing

Robert Eplee, Kevn Turpie, Gwyn Fireman, Gerhard Meister, Thomas Stone, Frederick Patt, Bryan Franz, Sean Bailey, Wayne Robinson, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 8510, 85101G (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.930483

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Diffusers, Bidirectional reflectance transmission function, Sensors, Mirrors, Reflectivity, Space operations, MODIS, Short wave infrared radiation, Atmospheric corrections

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Proceedings Article | 14 September 2011 Paper

Uncertainty assessment of the SeaWiFS on-orbit calibration

Robert Eplee, Gerhard Meister, Frederick Patt, Bryan Franz, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 8153, 81530B (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.892340

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Signal to noise ratio, Atmospheric corrections, Radiometric corrections, Diffusers, Atmospheric propagation, Ocean optics, Climatology, Scatter measurement, Sensor calibration

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Proceedings Article | 14 September 2011 Paper

Assessment of NPP VIIRS ocean color data products: hope and risk

Kevin Turpie, Gerhard Meister, Gene Eplee, Robert Barnes, Bryan Franz, Frederick Patt, Wayne Robinson, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 8153, 81530M (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.893945

KEYWORDS: Calibration, MODIS, Signal to noise ratio, Climatology, Algorithm development, Data acquisition, Satellites, Reflectivity, Diffusers, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 21 August 2009 Paper

Detector dependency of MODIS polarization sensitivity derived from on-orbit characterization

Gerhard Meister, Bryan Franz, Ewa Kwiatkowska, Robert Eplee, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 7452, 74520N (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.825385

KEYWORDS: Sensors, MODIS, Calibration, Polarization, Mirrors, Diamond, Atmospheric corrections, Satellites, Solids, Biology

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Proceedings Article | 21 August 2009 Paper

The cross calibration of SeaWiFS and MODIS using on-orbit observations of the Moon

Robert Eplee, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Jun-Qiang Sun, Gerhard Meister, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 7452, 74520X (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.825160

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Space operations, Remote sensing, Instrument modeling, Satellites, Aerospace engineering, Reflectivity, Mirrors, Atmospheric corrections

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Proceedings Article | 21 August 2009 Paper

Characterization of MODIS and SeaWiFS solar diffuser on-orbit degradation

X. Xiong, R. Eplee, J. Sun, F. Patt, A. Angal, C. McClain

Proceedings Volume 7452, 74520Y (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.824797

KEYWORDS: Diffusers, MODIS, Calibration, Sensors, Reflectivity, Sun, Sensor calibration, Space operations, Bidirectional reflectance transmission function, Near infrared

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Proceedings Article | 20 August 2008 Paper

MODIS and SeaWIFS on-orbit lunar calibration

J. Sun, R. Eplee, X. Xiong, T. Stone, G. Meister, C. McClain

Proceedings Volume 7081, 70810Y (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.795338

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Sensors, Instrument modeling, Mirrors, Space operations, Reflectivity, Radiometric corrections, Diffusers, Data modeling

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The Moon plays an important role in the radiometric stability monitoring of the NASA Earth Observing System's (EOS) remote sensors. The MODIS and SeaWIFS are two of the key instruments for NASA's EOS missions. The MODIS Protoflight Model (PFM) on-board the Terra spacecraft and the MODIS Flight Model 1 (FM1) on-board the Aqua spacecraft were launched on December 18, 1999 and May 4, 2002, respectively. They view the Moon through the Space View (SV) port approximately once a month to monitor the long-term radiometric stability of their Reflective Solar Bands (RSB). SeaWIFS was launched on-board the OrbView-2 spacecraft on August 1, 1997. The SeaWiFS lunar calibrations are obtained once a month at a nominal phase angle of 7°. The lunar irradiance observed by these instruments depends on the viewing geometry. The USGS photometric model of the Moon (the ROLO model) has been developed to provide the geometric corrections for the lunar observations. For MODIS, the lunar view responses with corrections for the viewing geometry are used to track the gain change for its reflective solar bands (RSB). They trend the system response degradation at the Angle Of Incidence (AOI) of sensor's SV port. With both the lunar observation and the on-board Solar Diffuser (SD) calibration, it is shown that the MODIS system response degradation is wavelength, mirror side, and AOI dependent. Time-dependent Response Versus Scan angle (RVS) Look-Up Tables (LUT) are applied in MODIS RSB calibration and lunar observations play a key role in RVS derivation. The corrections provided by the RVS in the Terra and Aqua MODIS data from the 412 nm band are as large as 16% and 13%, respectively. For SeaWIFS lunar calibrations, the spacecraft is pitched across the Moon so that the instrument views the Moon near nadir through the same optical path as it views the Earth. The SeaWiFS system gain changes for its eight bands are calibrated using the geometrically-corrected lunar observations. The radiometric corrections to the SeaWiFS data, after more than ten years on orbit, are 19% at 865 nm, 8% at 765 nm, and 1-3% in the other bands. In this report, the lunar calibration algorithms are reviewed and the RSB gain changes observed by the lunar observations are shown for all three sensors. The lunar observations for the three instruments are compared using the USGS photometric model. The USGS lunar model facilitates the cross calibration of instruments with different spectra bandpasses whose measurements of the Moon differ in time and observing geometry.

Proceedings Article | 20 August 2008 Paper

The on-orbit calibration of SeaWiFS: functional fits to the lunar time series

Robert Eplee, Gerhard Meister, Frederick Patt, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 7081, 708112 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.795132

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Sensors, Radiometric corrections, Environmental sensing, Temperature metrology, Space operations, Biology, Detector development, Instrument modeling, Satellites

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The NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group's Calibration and Validation Team uses SeaWiFS on-orbit lunar calibrations to monitor the radiometric response of the instrument over time. With almost eleven years of lunar measurements (more than 124 monthly observations) available for this analysis, the Cal/Val Team has undertaken an investigation of the optimum function to use in fitting the time series and the fidelity of resulting radiometric corrections that are applied to the ocean data. Two aspects of the on-orbit behavior of SeaWiFS show changes over time: the long-term radiometric response for each band and the dependence of the individual detector response in each band on the varying focal plane temperatures. Since band 8 (865 nm) shows the greatest changes in response over time, the analysis has concentrated on that band. The initial goal of the SeaWiFS on-orbit calibration effort has been to use a single function to fit the mission-long lunar time series. To date, that goal has been met by using a pair of simultaneous decaying exponential functions with short-period and long-period time constants. As late mission observations were added to the time series (beyond seven years into the mission), the long-term radiometric trend has been approaching a linear function of time. Consequently, the long-term trend is starting to bias the fit for the first three years of the mission. The Cal/Val team has addressed this issue by introducing a radiometric epoch into the time series fitting functions, where the best fit for the early mission is provided by exponential functions with periods of 200 and 2500 day and the best fit for the late mission is provided by an exponential with a 400-day time constant and a linear function (or an exponential with a 40,000-day time constant). A complication in optimizing these fits is that the dependence of the detector response on varying focal plane temperatures began changing approximately seven years into the mission. Analyses of periodic residuals in the lunar calibration time series in the latter part of the mission show that either the temperature-dependence of the detector response or the overall thermal environment of the instrument is changing over time. The Cal/Val Team has used correlations between these residuals and the focal plane temperatures to evaluate revisions to the temperature corrections for the detector response. Complications in computing these revised temperature corrections are that the behavior of the temperature corrections is not readily described by an analytical function and that the long-term radiometric fits compensate, to an extent, for changes in the temperature corrections. In order to develop an improved calibration model for SeaWiFS, the Cal/Val Team has developed a methodology for simultaneously fitting the long-term radiometric trend of each band and the change in the temperature-dependence of the individual detector responses. This work shows the increased fidelity of the calibration derived simultaneously for the long-term radiometric trend and the focal plane temperature response compared to the sequential derivations of these corrections.

Proceedings Article | 20 August 2008 Paper

Sun beta angle residuals in solar diffuser measurements of the MODIS ocean bands

Gerhard Meister, Junqiang Sun, Robert Eplee, Frederick Patt, Xiaoxiong Xiong, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 7081, 70810D (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.796291

KEYWORDS: Sensors, MODIS, Calibration, Diffusers, Sun, Reflectivity, Data modeling, Mirrors, Imaging systems, Data centers

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Proceedings Article | 26 September 2007 Paper

On-orbit calibration of SeaWiFS: revised temperature and gain corrections

Robert Eplee, Frederick Patt, Gerhard Meister, Bryan Franz, Sean Bailey, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 6677, 66770E (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.734046

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Near infrared, Sensors, Atmospheric corrections, Aerosols, Data corrections, Satellites, Climatology, Atmospheric propagation, Sensor calibration

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The NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group's Calibration and Validation (Cal/Val) Team has used SeaWiFS onorbit lunar and gain calibration data, in conjunction with mission-long trends of global ocean color data products, to diagnose and correct recently emergent residual drifts in the radiometric response of the instrument. An anomaly analysis of the time series of global mean normalized water-leaving radiances, the atmospheric correction parameter ∈, and chlorophyll show significant departures from the mission-long trends beginning in January 2006. The lunar time series trends for the near infrared (NIR) bands (765 nm and 865 nm) show significant periodic departures from mission-long trends beginning at the same time. ∈ is dependent on the ratio of these two bands; trends in this parameter would propagate through the atmospheric correction algorithm to the retrieved water-leaving radiances. An analysis of fit residuals from the lunar time series shows that the focal plane temperature dependencies of the radiometric response of the detectors for these two bands have changed over the 9+ year mission. The Cal/Val Team has used these residuals to compute a revised set of temperature corrections for data collected starting 1 January 2006. The lunar calibration data and a mission-long ocean color test data set have been reprocessed with the revised temperature corrections. The reprocessed data show that the trends in the NIR bands have been minimized and that the departures of the water-leaving radiances, ∈, and chlorophyll from the mission-long trends have been greatly reduced. The anomaly analysis of the water-leaving radiances in the 510 nm band still shows a residual drift of -2.9% over the mission. The anomaly analysis of the ∈ time series shows a residual drift of +2.8% over the mission. A corresponding drift is not observed in the lunar calibration time series for the NIR bands. The lunar calibration data are obtained at a different set of instrument gains than are the ocean data. An analysis of the mission-long time series of on-orbit gain calibration data shows that the gain ratios for the NIR bands change -0.76% (765 nm) and +0.56% (865 nm) over the mission, corresponding to a -1.3% drift in the band ratio. The lunar calibration time series for the NIR bands have been corrected for this gain drift, and the change in radiometric response over time has been recomputed for each band. The mission-long ocean color test data set has been reprocessed with these revised corrections for the NIR bands. The anomaly analysis of the reprocessed water-leaving radiances at 510 nm shows the drift to have been essentially eliminated, while the anomaly analysis of epsilon shows a reduced drift of +2.0%. These analyses show the sensitivity of ocean color data to small drifts in instrument calibration and demonstrate the use of time series of global mean geophysical parameters to monitor the long-term stability of the instrument calibration on orbit. The two updates to SeaWiFS radiometric calibration have been incorporated into the recent reprocessing of the SeaWiFS mission-long ocean data set.

Proceedings Article | 7 September 2006 Paper

Comparison of SeaWiFS on-orbit lunar and vicarious calibrations

Robert Eplee, Sean Bailey, Robert Barnes, Hugh Kieffer, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 6296, 629610 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.679168

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Atmospheric modeling, Atmospheric propagation, Atmospheric corrections, Sensor calibration, Ocean optics, Aerosols, Atmospheric optics, Satellites, Data modeling

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Proceedings Article | 7 September 2006 Paper

SeaWiFS long-term solar diffuser reflectance trend analysis

Robert Eplee, Frederick Patt, Robert Barnes, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 6296, 62960Q (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.679170

KEYWORDS: Diffusers, Signal to noise ratio, Reflectivity, Calibration, Bidirectional reflectance transmission function, Satellites, MODIS, Aluminum, Radio optics, Space operations

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The NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group's Calibration and Validation (Cal/Val) Team implemented daily solar calibrations of SeaWiFS to look for step-function changes in the instrument response and has used these calibrations to supplement the monthly lunar calibrations in monitoring the radiometric stability of SeaWiFS during its first year of on-orbit operations. The Team has undertaken an analysis of the mission-long solar calibration time series, with the lunar-derived radiometric corrections over time applied, to assess the long-term degradation of the solar diffuser reflectance over nine years on orbit. The SeaWiFS diffuser is an aluminum plate coated with YB71 paint. The bidirectional reflectance distribution function of the diffuser was not fully characterized before launch, so the Cal/Val Team has implemented a regression of the solar incidence angles and the drift in the node of the satellite's orbit against the diffuser time series to correct for solar incidence angle effects. An exponential function with a time constant of 200 days yields the best fit to the diffuser time series. The decrease in diffuser reflectance over the mission is wavelength-dependent, ranging from 9% in the blue (412 nm) to 5% in the red and near infrared (670-865 nm). The degradation of diffuser reflctance is similar to that observed for SeaWiFS radiometric response itself from lunar calibration time series for bands 1-5 (412-555 nm), though the magnitude of the change is four times larger for the diffuser. Evidently, the same optical degradation process has affected both the telescope optics and the solar diffuser in the blue and green. The Cal/Val Team has developed a methodology for computing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for SeaWiFS on orbit from the diffuser time series. The on-orbit change in the SNR for each band over the nine-year mission is less than 7%. The on-orbit performance of the SeaWiFS solar diffuser should offer insight into the long-term on-orbit performance of solar diffusers on other instruments, such as MODIS, VIIRS, and ABI.

Proceedings Article | 22 August 2005 Paper

The continuity of ocean color measurements from SeaWiFS to MODIS

Bryan Franz, P. Werdell, Gerhard Meister, Sean Bailey, Robert Eplee, Gene Feldman, Ewa Kwiatkowska, Charles McClain, Frederick Patt, Donna Thomas

Proceedings Volume 5882, 58820W (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.620069

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Calibration, Sensors, Polarization, Atmospheric modeling, Atmospheric corrections, Algorithm development, Stray light, Contamination, Error analysis

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Proceedings Article | 22 August 2005 Paper

Use of the moon as a calibration reference for NPP VIIRS

Frederick Patt, Robert Eplee, Robert Barnes, Gerhard Meister, James Butler

Proceedings Volume 5882, 588215 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.618370

KEYWORDS: MODIS, Alternate lighting of surfaces, Instrument modeling, Space operations, Calibration, Diffusers, Reflectivity, Satellites, Sensors, Reverse modeling

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Proceedings Article | 26 October 2004 Paper

SeaWiFS lunar calibration methodology after six years on orbit

Robert Eplee, Robert Barnes, Frederick Patt, Gerhard Meister, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 5542, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.556408

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Sun, Space operations, Denoising, Control systems, Data modeling, Data processing, Chlorine, Radiometric corrections, Astronomy

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Proceedings Article | 24 September 2002 Paper

SeaWiFS detector and gain calibrations: four years of on-orbit stability

Robert Eplee, Robert Barnes, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 4814, (2002) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.450565

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Calibration, Clouds, Data corrections, Electronics, Radiometry, Aerosols, Target detection, Sensor performance, Signal detection

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Proceedings Article | 15 November 2000 Paper

Calibration of SeaWiFS on orbit

Robert Barnes, Robert Eplee, Wayne Robinson, G. Schmidt, Frederick Patt, Sean Bailey, Menghua Wang, Charles McClain

Proceedings Volume 4135, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.494258

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Aerosols, Ocean optics, Atmospheric particles, Atmospheric corrections, Sun, Near infrared, Clouds, Atmospheric modeling, Scattering

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Proceedings Article | 21 December 1998 Paper

SeaWiFS measurements of the moon

Robert Barnes, Robert Eplee, Frederick Patt

Proceedings Volume 3498, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.333645

KEYWORDS: Reflectivity, Space operations, Calibration, Sun, S band, Diffusers, Sensors, Data processing, Time metrology, Solids

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Showing 5 of 31 publications

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