Dr. Hans-Ulrich Käufl Profile

Dr. Hans-Ulrich Käufl

Deputy Group Head at OKEMAKA Foundation

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (51)

Proceedings Article | 30 August 2022 Presentation + Paper

Lessons learned from the NEAR experiment and prospects for the upcoming mid-IR HCI instruments

Prashant Pathak, Markus Kasper, Olivier Absil, Gilles Orban de Xivry, Ulli Käufl, Gerd Jakob, Ralf Siebenmorgen, Serban Leveratto, Eric Pantin

Proceedings Volume 12185, 121851T (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2630040

KEYWORDS: Human-computer interaction, Mid-IR, Coronagraphy, Point spread functions, Planets, Exoplanets, Image processing, Sensors, Adaptive optics, Digital filtering

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Proceedings Article | 29 August 2022 Presentation + Paper

Progress on the SOXS transients chaser for the ESO-NTT

P. Schipani, S. Campana, R. Claudi, M. Aliverti, A. Baruffolo, S. Ben-Ami, G. Capasso, R. Cosentino, F. D'Alessio, P. D'Avanzo, O. Hershko, H. Kuncarayakti, M. Landoni, M. Munari, G. Pignata, K. Radhakrishnan, A. Rubin, S. Scuderi, F. Vitali, D. Young, J. Achrén, J. A. Araiza-Durán, I. Arcavi, F. Battaini, A. Brucalassi, R. Bruch, E. Cappellaro, M. Colapietro, M. Della Valle, R. Di Benedetto, S. D'Orsi, A. Gal-Yam, M. Genoni, M. Hernandez Díaz, J. Kotilainen, G. Li Causi, L. Lessio, L. Marty, S. Mattila, M. Rappaport, D. Ricci, M. Riva, B. Salasnich, S. Savarese, S. Smartt, R. Zanmar Sanchez, M. Stritzinger, G. Umbriaco, H. Pérez Ventura, L. Pasquini, M. Schöller, H.-U. Kaüfl, M. Accardo, L. Mehrgan, E. Pompei, I. Saviane

Proceedings Volume 12184, 121840O (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2628329

KEYWORDS: Spectrographs, Telescopes, Cameras, Near infrared, Control systems, Calibration, Sensors, Astronomy, Observatories, Software development

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Proceedings Article | 28 December 2020 Paper

Towards a physical understanding of the thermal background in large ground-based telescopes

Leonard Burtscher, Ioannis Politopoulos, Sergio Fernández-Acosta, Tibor Agocs, Mario van den Ancker, Roy van Boekel, Bernhard Brandl, Hans-Ulrich Käufl, Eric Pantin, Alex Pietrow, Ralf Siebenmorgen, Remko Stuik, Konrad Tristram, Willem-Jan de Wit

Proceedings Volume 11447, 114477L (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2576271

KEYWORDS: Mid-IR, Telescopes, Spectrographs, Ray tracing, Imaging systems, Exoplanets, Cryogenics, Cameras

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Proceedings Article | 13 December 2020 Presentation + Paper

Development status of the SOXS spectrograph for the ESO-NTT telescope

P. Schipani, S. Campana, R. Claudi, M. Aliverti, A. Baruffolo, S. Ben-Ami, F. Biondi, G. Capasso, R. Cosentino, F. D'Alessio, P. D'Avanzo, O. Hershko, H. Kuncarayakti, M. Landoni, M. Munari, G. Pignata, A. Rubin, S. Scuderi, F. Vitali, D. Young, J. Achrén, J. A. Araiza-Duran, I. Arcavi, A. Brucalassi, R. Bruch, E. Cappellaro, M. Colapietro, M. Della Valle, M. De Pascale, R. Di Benedetto, S. D'Orsi, A. Gal-Yam, M. Genoni, M. Hernandez, J. Kotilainen, G. Li Causi, S. Mattila, K. Radhakrishnan, M. Rappaport, D. Ricci, M. Riva, Bernardo. Salasnich, S. Savarese, S. Smartt, R. Zanmar Sanchez, M. Stritzinger, H. Ventura, L. Pasquini, M. Schöller, H.-U. Kaüfl, M. Accardo, L. Mehrgan, E. Pompei

Proceedings Volume 11447, 1144709 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2560799

KEYWORDS: Spectrographs, Telescopes, New and emerging technologies, Lanthanum, Electromagnetism, Stars, Gamma radiation, Asteroids, Comets, Near infrared

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SPIE Journal Paper | 16 September 2020 Open Access

Design, pointing control, and on-sky performance of the mid-infrared vortex coronagraph for the VLT/NEAR experiment

Anne-Lise Maire, Elsa Huby, Olivier Absil, Gérard Zins, Markus Kasper, Christian Delacroix, Serban Leveratto, Mikael Karlsson, Garreth Ruane, Hans-Ulrich Käufl, Gilles Orban de Xivry, Prashant Pathak, Lorenzo Pettazzi, Philippe Duhoux, Johann Kolb, Éric Pantin, A. J. Eldorado Riggs, Ralf Siebenmorgen, Dimitri Mawet

JATIS, Vol. 6, Issue 03, 035003, (September 2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.6.3.035003

KEYWORDS: Coronagraphy, Mid-IR, Stars, Adaptive optics, Telescopes, Point spread functions, Error analysis, Device simulation, Image analysis, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 9 July 2018 Presentation

Around the world: status and prospects with the infrared vortex coronagraph (Conference Presentation)

Olivier Absil, Mikael Karlsson, Dimitri Mawet, Brunella Carlomagno, Valentin Christiaens, Denis Defrère, Christian Delacroix, Julien Girard, Carlos Gomez Gonzalez, Serge Habraken, Philip Hinz, Elsa Huby, Aissa Jolivet, Markus Kasper, Hans-Ulrich Kaufl, Matthew Kenworthy, Keith Matthews, Julien Milli, Gilles Orban de Xivry, Eric Pantin, Pierre Piron, Maddalena Reggiani, A.J. Eldorado Riggs, Eugene Serabyn, Jean Surdej, Ernesto Vargas Catalan

Proceedings Volume 10702, 107020T (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2312783

KEYWORDS: Coronagraphy, Infrared radiation, Mid-IR, Infrared cameras, Observatories, Keck Observatory, Data processing, Planets, Cameras, K band

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Proceedings Article | 6 July 2018 Presentation + Paper

NEAR: new earths in the Alpha Cen Region (bringing VISIR as a "visiting instrument" to ESO-VLT-UT4)

Hans-Ulrich Käufl, Markus Kasper, Robin Arsenault, Gerd Jakob, Serban Leveratto, Gerard Zins, Eloy Fuenteseca, Miguel Riquelme, Ralf Siebenmorgen, Michael Sterzik, Nancy Ageorges, Sven Gutruf, Dirk Kampf, Arnd Reutlinger, Olivier Absil, Brunella Carlomagno, Olivier Guyon, Pete Klupar, Dimitri Mawet, Garreth Ruane, Mikael Karlsson, Eric Pantin, Kjetil Dohlen

Proceedings Volume 10702, 107020D (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2313395

KEYWORDS: Coronagraphy, Telescopes, Stars, Adaptive optics, Sensors, Mirrors, Planets, Optical filters

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Proceedings Article | 6 July 2018 Paper

SOXS: a wide band spectrograph to follow up transients

P. Schipani, S. Campana, R. Claudi, H. U. Käufl, M. Accardo, M. Aliverti, A. Baruffolo, S. Ben Ami, F. Biondi, A. Brucalassi, G. Capasso, R. Cosentino, F. D'Alessio, P. D'Avanzo, O. Hershko, D. Gardiol, H. Kuncarayacti, M. Munari, A. Rubin, S. Scuderi, F. Vitali, J. Achrén, J. Antonio Araiza-Duran, I. Arcavi, A. Bianco, E. Cappellaro, M. Colapietro, M. Della Valle, O. Diner, S. D'Orsi, D. Fantinel, J. Fynbo, A. Gal-Yam, M. Genoni, M. Hirvonen, J. Kotilainen, T. Kumar, M. Landoni, J. Lehti, G. Li Causi, D. Loreggia, L. Marafatto, S. Mattila, G. Pariani, G. Pignata, M. Rappaport, D. Ricci, M. Riva, B. Salasnich, R. Zanmar Sanchez, S. Smartt, M. Turatto

Proceedings Volume 10702, 107020F (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2307349

KEYWORDS: Spectrographs, Calibration, Cameras, Near infrared, Telescopes, Sensors, Lamps, Mirrors, Control systems

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Proceedings Article | 1 September 2017 Paper

NIRPS: an adaptive-optics assisted radial velocity spectrograph to chase exoplanets around M-stars

F. Wildi, N. Blind, V. Reshetov, O. Hernandez, L. Genolet, U. Conod, M. Sordet, A. Segovilla, J. L. Rasilla, D. Brousseau, S. Thibault, B. Delabre, T. Bandy, M. Sarajlic, A. Cabral, S. Bovay, Ph. Vallée, F. Bouchy, R. Doyon, E. Artigau, F. Pepe, J. Hagelberg, C. Melo, X. Delfosse, P. Figueira, N. C. Santos, J. I. González Hernández, J. R. de Medeiros, R. Rebolo, Ch. Broeg, W. Benz, I. Boisse, L. Malo, U. Käufl, L. Saddlemyer

Proceedings Volume 10400, 1040018 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2275660

KEYWORDS: Spectrographs, Adaptive optics, Planets, Exoplanets, Velocity measurements, Stars, Spectroscopy, Optical fibers, Space operations, Interference (communication)

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Since 1st light in 2002, HARPS has been setting the standard in the exo-planet detection by radial velocity (RV) measurements[1]. Based on this experience, our consortium is developing a high accuracy near-infrared RV spectrograph covering YJH bands to detect and characterize low-mass planets in the habitable zone of M dwarfs. It will allow RV measurements at the 1-m/s level and will look for habitable planets around M- type stars by following up the candidates found by the upcoming space missions TESS, CHEOPS and later PLATO. NIRPS and HARPS, working simultaneously on the ESO 3.6m are bound to become a single powerful high-resolution, high-fidelity spectrograph covering from 0.4 to 1.8 micron. NIRPS will complement HARPS in validating earth-like planets found around G and K-type stars whose signal is at the same order of magnitude than the stellar noise. Because at equal resolving power the overall dimensions of a spectrograph vary linearly with the input beam étendue, spectrograph designed for seeing-limited observations are large and expensive. NIRPS will use a high order adaptive optics system to couple the starlight into a fiber corresponding to 0.4” on the sky as efficiently or better than HARPS or ESPRESSO couple the light 0.9” fiber. This allows the spectrograph to be very compact, more thermally stable and less costly. Using a custom tan(θ)=4 dispersion grating in combination with a start-of-the-art Hawaii4RG detector makes NIRPS very efficient with complete coverage of the YJH bands at 110’000 resolution. NIRPS works in a regime that is in-between the usual multi-mode (MM) where 1000’s of modes propagates in the fiber and the single mode well suited for perfect optical systems. This regime called few-modes regime is prone to modal noise- Results from a significant R and D effort made to characterize and circumvent the modal noise show that this contribution to the performance budget shall not preclude the RV performance to be achieved.

Proceedings Article | 3 August 2016 Paper

VISIR upgrade overview: all's well that ends well

Florian Kerber, Hans Ulrich Käufl, Konrad Tristram, Daniel Asmus, Pedro Baksai, Nicola Di Lieto, Danuta Dobrzycka, Philippe Duhoux, Gert Finger, Christian Hummel, Derek Ives, Gerd Jakob, Lars Lundin, Dimitri Mawet, Leander Mehrgan, Eric Pantin, Miguel Riquelme, Joel Sanchez, Stefan Sandrock, Ralf Siebenmorgen, Jörg Stegmeier, Alain Smette, Julian Taylor, Mario van den Ancker, Guillermo Valdes, Lars Venema

Proceedings Volume 9908, 99080D (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2232441

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Mid-IR, Imaging spectroscopy, Detector arrays, Imaging systems, Image quality, Telescopes, Coronagraphy, Stars, Spectroscopy

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We present an overview of the VISIR instrument after its upgrade and return to science operations. VISIR is the midinfrared imager and spectrograph at ESO’s VLT. The project team is comprised of ESO staff and members of the original VISIR consortium: CEA Saclay and ASTRON. The project plan was based on input from the ESO user community with the goal of enhancing the scientific performance and efficiency of VISIR by a combination of measures: installation of improved hardware, optimization of instrument operations and software support. The cornerstone of the upgrade is the 1k by 1k Si:As AQUARIUS detector array manufactured by Raytheon. In addition, a new prism spectroscopic mode covers the whole N-band in a single observation. Finally, new scientific capabilities for high resolution and high-contrast imaging are offered by sub-aperture mask and coronagraphic modes. In order to make optimal use of favourable atmospheric conditions, a water vapour monitor has been deployed on Paranal, allowing for real-time decisions and the introduction of a user-defined constraint on water vapour. During the commissioning in 2012, it was found that the on-sky sensitivity of the AQUARIUS detector was significantly below expectations. Extensive testing of the detector arrays in the laboratory and on-sky enabled us to diagnose the cause for the shortcoming of the detector as excess low frequency noise. It is inherent to the design chosen for this detector and cannot be remedied by changing the detector set-up. Since this is a form of correlated noise, its impact can be limited by modulating the scene recorded by the detector. After careful analysis, we have implemented fast (up to 4 Hz) chopping with field stabilization using the secondary mirror of the VLT. During commissioning, the upgraded VISIR has been confirmed to be more sensitive than the old instrument, and in particular for low-resolution spectroscopy in the N-band, a gain of a factor 6 is realized in observing efficiency. After overcoming several additional technical problems, VISIR is back in Science Operations since April 2015. In addition an upgrade of the IT infrastructure related to VISIR has been conducted in order to support burst-mode operations. Science Verification of the new modes was performed in Feb 2016. The upgraded VISIR is a powerful instrument providing close to background limited performance for diffraction-limited observations at an 8-m telescope. It offers synergies with facilities such as ALMA, JWST, VLTI and SOFIA, while a wealth of targets is available from survey works like WISE. In addition, it will bring confirmation of the technical readiness and scientific value of several aspects for future mid-IR instrumentation at Extremely Large Telescopes. We also present several lessons learned during the project.

Proceedings Article | 11 July 2016 Paper

Investigating the effect of atmospheric turbulence on mid-IR data quality with VISIR

Mario van den Ancker, Daniel Asmus, Christian Hummel, Hans-Ulrich Käufl, Florian Kerber, Alain Smette, Julian Taylor, Konrad Tristram, Jakob Vinther, Burkhard Wolff

Proceedings Volume 9910, 99102T (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2233701

KEYWORDS: Image quality, Mid-IR, Image quality, Planets, Stars, Transparency, Velocity measurements, Data modeling, Telescopes, Planetary systems, Statistical analysis

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Proceedings Article | 6 August 2014 Paper

Wavelength calibration from 1-5μm for the CRIRES+ high-resolution spectrograph at the VLT

U. Seemann, G. Anglada-Escude, D. Baade, P. Bristow, R. Dorn, R. Follert, D. Gojak, J. Grunhut, A. Hatzes, U. Heiter, D. Ives, P. Jeep, Y. Jung, H.-U. Käufl, F. Kerber, B. Klein, J.-L. Lizon, M. Lockhart, T. Löwinger, T. Marquart, E. Oliva, J. Paufique, N. Piskunov, Eszter Pozna, A. Reiners, A. Smette, J. Smoker, E. Stempels, E. Valenti

Proceedings Volume 9147, 91475G (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2056668

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Absorption, K band, Fabry–Perot interferometers, Spectrographs, Near infrared, Fourier transforms, Spectral resolution, Molecules, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 31 July 2014 Paper

VISIR upgrade overview and status

Florian Kerber, Hans-Ulrich Käufl, Pedro Baksai, Nicola Di Lieto, Danuta Dobrzycka, Philippe Duhoux, Gert Finger, Stephanie Heikamp, Derek Ives, Gerd Jakob, Lars Lundin, Dimitri Mawet, Leander Mehrgan, Yazan Momany, Vincent Moreau, Eric Pantin, Miguel Riquelme, Stefan Sandrock, Ralf Siebenmorgen, Alain Smette, Julian Taylor, Mario van den Ancker, Guillermo Valdes, Lars Venema, Ueli Weilenmann

Proceedings Volume 9147, 91470C (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2055172

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Spectroscopy, Mid-IR, Imaging systems, Imaging spectroscopy, Prisms, Coronagraphy, Quantum efficiency, Detector arrays, Stars

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We present an overview of the VISIR upgrade project. VISIR is the mid-infrared imager and spectrograph at ESO’s VLT. The project team is comprised of ESO staff and members of the original VISIR consortium: CEA Saclay and ASTRON. The project plan is based on input from the ESO user community with the goal of enhancing the scientific performance and efficiency of VISIR by a combination of measures: installation of improved hardware, optimization of instrument operations and software support. The cornerstone of the upgrade is the 1k by 1k Si:As AQUARIUS detector array (Raytheon) which has been carefully characterized in ESO’s IR detector test facility (modified TIMMI 2 instrument). A prism spectroscopic mode will cover the N-band in a single observation. New scientific capabilities for high resolution and high-contrast imaging will be offered by sub-aperture mask (SAM) and phase-mask coronagraphic (4QPM/AGPM) modes. In order to make optimal use of favourable atmospheric conditions a water vapour monitor has been deployed on Paranal, allowing for real-time decisions and the introduction of a user-defined constraint on water vapour. During the commissioning in 2012 it was found that the on-sky sensitivity of the AQUARIUS detector was significantly below expectations and that VISIR was not ready to go back to science operations. Extensive testing of the detector arrays in the laboratory and on-sky enabled us to diagnose the cause for the shortcoming of the detector as excess low frequency noise (ELFN). It is inherent to the design chosen for this detector and can’t be remedied by changing the detector set-up. Since this is a form of correlated noise its impact can be limited by modulating the scene recorded by the detector. We have studied several mitigation options and found that faster chopping using the secondary mirror (M2) of the VLT offers the most promising way forward. Faster M2 chopping has been tested and is scheduled for implementation before the end of 2014 after which we plan to re-commission VISIR. In addition an upgrade of the IT infrastructure related to VISIR is planned in order to support burst-mode operations. The upgraded VISIR will be a powerful instrument providing close to background limited performance for diffraction-limited observations at an 8-m telescope. It will offer synergy with facilities such as ALMA, JWST, VLTI and SOFIA, while a wealth of targets is available from survey work (e.g. VISTA, WISE). In addition it will bring confirmation of the technical readiness and scientific value of several aspects of potential mid-IR instrumentation at Extremely Large Telescopes.

Proceedings Article | 28 July 2014 Paper

Novel infrared polarimeter for the ESO CRIRES+ instrument

Matthew Lockhart, Nikolai Piskunov, Eric Stempels, Michael Escuti, Ernesto Oliva, Hans-Ulrich Käufl, Ulrike Heiter, Thomas Marquart, Guillem Anglada-Escude, Dietrich Baade, Paul Bristow, Reinhold Dorn, Roman Follert, Domingo Gojak, Jason Grunhut, Artie Hatzes, Michael Hilker, Derek Ives, Yves Jung, Florian Kerber, Barbara Klein, Jean-Louis Lizon, Tom Löwinger, Livia Origlia, Luca Pasquini, Jerome Paufique, Eszter Pozna, Ansgar Reiners, Ulf Seemann, Alain Smette, Jonathan Smoker, Elena Valenti

Proceedings Volume 9147, 91478P (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2056367

KEYWORDS: Polarimetry, Beam splitters, Infrared radiation, Polarization, Sensors, Adaptive optics, Telescopes, Prototyping, Monochromators, Infrared telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 24 July 2014 Paper

Concept and optical design of the cross-disperser module for CRIRES+

E. Oliva, A. Tozzi, D. Ferruzzi, L. Origlia, A. Hatzes, R. Follert, T. Löwinger, N. Piskunov, U. Heiter, M. Lockhart, T. Marquart, E. Stempels, A. Reiners, G. Anglada-Escude, Ulf Seemann, R. Dorn, P. Bristow, D. Baade, B. Delabre, D. Gojak, J. Grunhut, Barbara Klein, M. Hilker, D. Ives, Y. Jung, H.-U. Kaeufl, F. Kerber, J. Lizon, L. Pasquini, J. Paufique, Eszter Pozna, A. Smette, J. Smoker, E. Valenti

Proceedings Volume 9147, 91477R (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2054381

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Tolerancing, Mirrors, Optical filters, Spectroscopy, Optical components, Optical design, Infrared spectroscopy, Sensors, Coating

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Proceedings Article | 8 July 2014 Paper

CRIRES+: a cross-dispersed high-resolution infrared spectrograph for the ESO VLT

R. Follert, R. Dorn, E. Oliva, J. Lizon, A. Hatzes, N. Piskunov, A. Reiners, U. Seemann, E. Stempels, U. Heiter, T. Marquart, M. Lockhart, G. Anglada-Escude, T. Löwinger, D. Baade, J. Grunhut, P. Bristow, B. Klein, Y. Jung, D. Ives, F. Kerber, Eszter Pozna, J. Paufique, H. Kaeufl, L. Origlia, E. Valenti, D. Gojak, M. Hilker, L. Pasquini, A. Smette, J. Smoker

Proceedings Volume 9147, 914719 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2054197

KEYWORDS: Spectrographs, Infrared spectroscopy, Stars, Sensors, Infrared radiation, Calibration, Adaptive optics, Planets, Magnetism, Absorption

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Proceedings Article | 31 January 2013 Paper

A roadmap for the E-ELT instrument suite

Suzanne Ramsay, Mark Casali, Norbert Hubin, Markus Kissler-Patig, Hans-Ulrich Käufl, Jean-Louis Lizon, J. Strasser

Proceedings Volume 8446, 84461E (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.926256

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Adaptive optics, Spectral resolution, Imaging spectroscopy, Spectrographs, Imaging systems, Near infrared, Cameras, Molybdenum, Large telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 27 September 2012 Paper

VISIR upgrade overview and status

Florian Kerber, Hans Ulrich Käufl, Pedro Baksai, Danuta Dobrzycka, Gert Finger, Derek Ives, Gerd Jakob, Eric Lagadec, Lars Lundin, Dimitri Mawet, Leander Mehrgan, Margaret Moerchen, Yazan Momany, Vincent Moreau, Eric Pantin, Miguel Riquelme, Ralf Siebenmorgen, Armin Silber, Alain Smette, Julian Taylor, Mario van den Ancker, Lars Venema, Ueli Weilenmann, Irina Yegorova

Proceedings Volume 8446, 84460E (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.924979

KEYWORDS: Spectroscopy, Sensors, Imaging spectroscopy, Mid-IR, Calibration, Prisms, Coronagraphy, Observatories, Imaging systems, Stars

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Proceedings Article | 24 September 2012 Paper

Upgrading CRIRES-VLT to cross-dispersed mode

E. Oliva, A. Hatzes, N. Piskunov, A. Reiners, H. U. Käufl, D. Ferruzzi, A. Tozzi, L. Origlia

Proceedings Volume 8446, 84462N (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.924969

KEYWORDS: Prisms, Spectrographs, Sensors, Spectrometers, Lithography, Infrared spectroscopy, Infrared radiation, Silicon, Observatories, Spectral resolution

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Proceedings Article | 24 September 2012 Paper

Near-infrared calibration systems for precise radial-velocity measurements

Stephen Redman, Florian Kerber, Gillian Nave, Suvrath Mahadevan, Lawrence Ramsey, Jonathan Smoker, Hans-Ulrich Käufl, P. R. L. Figueira

Proceedings Volume 8446, 84468G (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.925585

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Spectrographs, Lamps, Absorption, Uranium, Neon, Fourier transforms, Standards development, Carbon monoxide, Precision calibration

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Proceedings Article | 13 September 2012 Paper

Long-term performance of the VISIR/VLT instrument before the upgrade

Danuta Dobrzycka, Yazan Momany, Lars Lundin, Ralf Siebenmorgen, Hans Käufl, Alain Smette, Florian Kerber, Mario Van Den Ancker

Proceedings Volume 8448, 84481P (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.925348

KEYWORDS: Stars, Spectroscopy, Sensors, Calibration, Imaging systems, Digital filtering, Mid-IR, Observatories, Data acquisition, Data conversion

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Proceedings Article | 21 July 2010 Paper

Upgrade of VISIR the mid-infrared instrument at the VLT

F. Kerber, H. Kaeufl, M. van den Ancker, P. Baksai, D. Dubreuil, G. Durand, D. Dobrzycka, G. Finger, Ch. Hummel, D. Ives, G. Jakob, E. Lagadec, L. Lundin, G. Marconi, M. Moerchen, Y. Momany, D. Nuernberger, E. Pantin, M. Riquelme, R. Siebenmorgen, A. Smette, L. Venema, U. Weilenmann, I. Yegorova

Proceedings Volume 7735, 77357R (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.857368

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Mid-IR, Telescopes, Astronomy, Observatories, Spectrographs, Infrared radiation, Coronagraphy, Spectral resolution, Infrared telescopes

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The European Southern Observatory (ESO) is preparing to upgrade VISIR, the mid-IR imager and spectrograph at the VLT. The project team is comprised of ESO staff and members of the original consortium that built VISIR: CEA Saclay and ASTRON. The goal is to enhance the scientific performance of VISIR and to facilitate its use by the ESO community. In order to capture the needs of the user community, we collected input from the users by means of a webbased questionnaire. In line with the results of the internal study and the input from the user community, the upgrade plan calls for a combination measures: installation of improved hardware, optimization of instrument operations and software support. The limitations of the current detector (sensitivity, cosmetics, artifacts) have been known for some time and a new 1k x 1k Si:As Aquarius array (Raytheon) will be the cornerstone of the VISIR upgrade project. A modified spectroscopic mode will allow covering the N-band in a single observation. Several new scientific modes (e.g., polarimetry, coronagraphy) will be implemented on a best effort basis. In addition, the VISIR operational scheme will be enhanced to ensure that optimal use of the observing conditions will be made. Specifically, we plan to provide a means to monitor precipitable water vapour (PWV) and enable the user to specify it as a constraint set for service mode observations. In some regions of the mid-IR domain, the amount of PWV has a fundamental effect on the quality of a given night for mid-IR astronomy. The plan also calls for full support by ESO pipelines that will deliver science-ready data products. Hence the resulting files will provide physical units and error information and all instrumental signatures will have been removed. An upgraded VISIR will be a powerful instrument providing diffraction-limited performance at an 8-m telescope. Its improved performance and efficiency as well as new science capabilities will serve the needs of the ESO community but will also offer synergy with various other facilities such as ALMA, JWST, VLTI and SOFIA. A wealth of targets for detailed study will be available from survey work done by VISTA and WISE. Finally, the upgraded VISIR will also serve as a pathfinder for potential mid-IR instrumentation at the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT) in terms of technology as well as operations.

Proceedings Article | 21 July 2010 Paper

METIS: system engineering and optical design of the mid-infrared E-ELT instrument

Rainer Lenzen, Bernhard Brandl, Eric Pantin, Alistair Glasse, Joris Blommaert, Lars Venema, Rik ter Horst, Ad Oudenhuysen, Frank Molster, Ralf Siebenmorgen, Hermann Böhnhardt, Ewine van Dishoeck, Paul van der Werf, Wolfgang Brandner, Thomas Henning, Stefan Hippler, Pierre-Olivier Lagage, Toby Moore, Maarten Baes, Christoffel Waelkens, Chris Wright, Hans Ulrich Käufl, Sarah Kendrew, Remko Stuik, Laurent Jolissaint

Proceedings Volume 7735, 77357O (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.856242

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Spectroscopy, Imaging spectroscopy, Diffraction, Spectral resolution, Imaging systems, Calibration, Spectrographs, Sensors, Optical design

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Proceedings Article | 15 July 2010 Paper

Instrument concept and science case for the mid-IR E-ELT imager and spectrograph METIS

Bernhard Brandl, Rainer Lenzen, Eric Pantin, Alistair Glasse, Joris Blommaert, Lars Venema, Frank Molster, Ralf Siebenmorgen, Sarah Kendrew, Maarten Baes, Hermann Böhnhardt, Wolfgang Brandner, Ewine van Dishoeck, Thomas Henning, Hans Ullrich Käufl, Pierre-Olivier Lagage, Toby J. Moore, Christoffel Waelkens, Paul van der Werf

Proceedings Volume 7735, 77352G (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.857346

KEYWORDS: Imaging systems, Adaptive optics, Calibration, Telescopes, Sensors, Iterated function systems, Mid-IR, Spectrographs, Spectral resolution, Stars

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Proceedings Article | 15 July 2010 Paper

An overview of the E-ELT instrumentation programme

S. Ramsay, S. D'Odorico, M. Casali, J. González, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, H. Käufl, M. Kissler-Patig, E. Marchetti, J. Paufique, L. Pasquini, R. Siebenmorgen, A. Richichi, J. Vernet, F. Zerbi

Proceedings Volume 7735, 773524 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.857037

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Adaptive optics, Spectroscopy, Spectrographs, Mirrors, Cameras, Sensors, Near infrared, Spectral resolution, Optical instrument design

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Proceedings Article | 25 July 2008 Paper

CRIRES: commissioning and first science results

Hans Ulrich Käufl, Paola Amico, Pascal Ballester, Eduardo Bendek Selman, Paul Bristow, Mark Casali, Bernard Delabre, Danuta Dobrzycka, Reinhold Dorn, Raul Esteves, Gert Finger, Gordon Gillet, Domingo Gojak, Michael Hilker, Paul Jolley, Yves Jung, Florian Kerber, Barbara Klein, Jean-Louis Lizon, Jerome Paufique, Jean-Francois Pirard, Eszter Pozna, Hugues Sana, Lilian Sanzana, Ricardo Schmutzer, Andreas Seifahrt, Ralf Siebenmorgen, Alain Smette, Jörg Stegmeier, Lowell Tacconi-Garman, Stefan Uttenthaler, Elena Valenti, Ueli Weilenmann, Burkhard Wolff

Proceedings Volume 7014, 70140W (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.787259

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Sensors, Infrared radiation, Spectrographs, Lamps, Telescopes, Observatories, Cryogenics, Adaptive optics, Spectral resolution

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Proceedings Article | 21 July 2008 Paper

Studies for the first generation of instruments for the European ELT

Sandro D'Odorico, Mark Casali, Juan-Carlos Gonzales, Markus Kasper, Hans Ulrich Käufl, Markus Kissler Patig, Luca Pasquini, Suzanne Ramsay, Ralf Siebenmorgen, Joel Vernet, Filippo Zerbi

Proceedings Volume 7014, 70141E (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.788422

KEYWORDS: Imaging spectroscopy, Adaptive optics, Telescopes, Spectroscopes, Spectrographs, Near infrared spectroscopy, Atmospheric corrections, Near infrared, Diffraction, Mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 12 July 2008 Paper

New measures in controlling quality of VLT VISIR

Danuta Dobrzycka, Leonardo Vanzi, Lars Lundin, Hans Ulrich Kaeufl, Ralf Siebenmorgen

Proceedings Volume 7016, 70161H (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.788831

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Spectroscopy, Calibration, Silicates, Imaging spectroscopy, Mid-IR, Imaging systems, Image sensors, Stars, Image filtering

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Proceedings Article | 9 July 2008 Paper

METIS: the mid-infrared E-ELT imager and spectrograph

Bernhard Brandl, Rainer Lenzen, Eric Pantin, Alistair Glasse, Joris Blommaert, Lars Venema, Frank Molster, Ralf Siebenmorgen, Hermann Boehnhardt, Ewine van Dishoeck, Paul van der Werf, Thomas Henning, Wolfgang Brandner, Pierre-Olivier Lagage, Toby Moore, Maarten Baes, Christoffel Waelkens, Chris Wright, Hans Ulrich Käufl, Sarah Kendrew, Remko Stuik, Laurent Jolissaint

Proceedings Volume 7014, 70141N (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.789241

KEYWORDS: Mid-IR, Planets, Stars, Imaging spectroscopy, Comets, Adaptive optics, Spectroscopy, Silicates, Spectrographs, Exoplanets

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Proceedings Article | 9 July 2008 Paper

A mid-infrared polarization capability for the ELT

Christopher Wright, Ralf Siebenmorgen, Bringfried Stecklum, Michael Sterzik, Hans-Ulrich Käufl

Proceedings Volume 7014, 701429 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.787899

KEYWORDS: Polarization, Mid-IR, Magnetism, Stars, Silicates, Polarimetry, Absorption, Crystals, Spectroscopy, Astronomy

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Imaging- and spectropolarimetry in the thermal infrared (~ 5-30 μm) can inform us about two important open questions in modern astrophysics - namely the role of magnetism in the formation of stars, and the life-cycle of cosmic dust. These are key questions outlined in the document "A Science Vision for European Astronomy" by de Zeeuw & Molster (2007). Thermal IR polarimetry is the only technique that can peer into the heart of star forming cores, where an infant star heats its immediate surroundings to temperatures of several hundred Kelvin. The polarization itself is induced by a preferential alignment of the spin axis of cosmic dust grains, a process ultimately controlled by the ambient magnetic field. The spectrum is sensitively dependent on the grain optical properties, structure and shape, thus providing information not otherwise obtainable by conventional spectroscopy. The MIRI instrument on the JWST will not have a polarimetry mode, thus leaving open the possibility of an ELT mid-IR instrument being able to make substantial progress on these fundamental issues. Before describing the advantages of a mid-IR spectropolarimeter on an ELT, we first present some preliminary results from our polarization observations with the TIMMI2 mid-IR instrument between 2004 and 2006. The experience gained with TIMMI2 - in terms of technical issues and observing strategy - will inform the design of any future instrument. Following this we will describe the science that could be done with an ELT instrument, and some of the basic design parameters. For instance, with a resolution of ~ 70 milli-arcseconds (FWHM at 10 μm) it will become possible to resolve the magnetic field configuration in the circumstellar disks and bipolar outflows of young stars at a spatial scale of less than 10 AU in the nearest star formation regions. This will strongly constrain hydromagnetic models - the favoured means of extracting angular momentum and allowing accretion to proceed - for bipolar jets emanating from a range of compact astrophysical objects. Further, with a resolving power of order 200, and sensitivity of 100σ in 1 hour integration on a 0.5 mJy point source, the evolution of cosmic dust - and the governing physical and chemical processes - from its formation in old stellar outflows to its deposition in planet-forming disks, will become amenable to detailed polarization studies.

Proceedings Article | 9 July 2008 Paper

Lessons learned from VISIR

E. Pantin, C. Doucet, H. U. Käufl, P. O. Lagage, R. Siebenmorgen, M. Sterzik

Proceedings Volume 7014, 701424 (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.788785

KEYWORDS: Mid-IR, Sensors, Calibration, Stars, Point spread functions, Imaging systems, Spectroscopy, Telescopes, Spectral resolution, Galactic astronomy

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Proceedings Article | 12 September 2007 Paper

Mid-infrared instrumentation for the European Extremely Large Telescope

S. Kendrew, B. Brandl, R. Lenzen, L. Venema, H. U. Käufl, G. Finger, A. Glasse, R. Stuik

Proceedings Volume 6692, 66920B (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.733794

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Adaptive optics, Mid-IR, James Webb Space Telescope, Space telescopes, Stars, Imaging systems, Large telescopes, Spectrographs, Optical instrument design

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Proceedings Article | 30 June 2006 Paper

Model-based wavelength calibration for CRIRES

Paul Bristow, Florian Kerber, Michael Rosa, Jean Francois Pirard, Ralf Siebenmorgen, Hans-Ulrich Käufl

Proceedings Volume 6270, 62701T (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.670785

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Data modeling, Prisms, Sensors, Instrument modeling, Spectrographs, Detector arrays, Mirrors, Infrared spectroscopy, Lamps

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Proceedings Article | 30 June 2006 Paper

The spectrum of Th-Ar hollow-cathode lamps in the 900-4500 nm region: establishing wavelength standards for the calibration of VLT spectrographs

Florian Kerber, Gillian Nave, Craig Sansonetti, Paul Bristow, Andreas Rosa, Hans-Ulrich Käufl, Michael Rosa

Proceedings Volume 6269, 62692O (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.670361

KEYWORDS: Lamps, Calibration, Spectrographs, Fourier transforms, Argon, Spectroscopy, Infrared spectroscopy, Standards development, Astronomy, Observatories

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The European Southern Observatory (ESO), the Space Telescope European Co-ordinating Facility (ST-ECF), and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) are collaborating to study Th-Ar hollow cathode lamps as used for the calibration of VLT (Very Large Telescope) spectrographs. In the near IR only a limited number of wavelength standards are available. The density and distribution of lines in Ne or Kr lamps, for example, are inadequate for high-resolution spectroscopy. Th-Ar hollow cathode lamps provide a rich spectrum in the UV-visible region and have been used in astronomy for a long time; current examples at ESO include the spectrographs UVES and FLAMES. The Th spectrum from 278 nm to about 1000 nm was studied at high resolution about 20 years ago (Palmer and Engleman, 1983). Two studies of the Th-Ar spectrum in the near IR have recently been published, but neither work is directly applicable to the calibration of IR astronomical spectrographs at ESO. We report new measurements using the 2-m UV/visible/IR Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) at NIST that establish more than 2000 lines as wavelength standards in the range 900 nm to 4500 nm. This line list is used as input for a physical model that provides the wavelength calibration for the Cryogenic High-Resolution IR Echelle Spectrometer (CRIRES), ESO's new high resolution (R~100,000) IR spectrograph at the VLT. We also present first calibration results from laboratory testing of CRIRES. The newly established wavelength standards will also be available for use by X-shooter and other spectrographs in the future. Measurements of the variation of the spectrum of Th-Ar lamps as a function of operating current allow us to optimise the spectral output in terms of relative intensity and line density for operation on the telescope. Since Th and Ar line intensities show a different response with respect to operating current, such measurements can be used as a diagnostic tool for distinguishing the gas and metal lines. Our findings show that Th-Ar lamps hold the promise of becoming a standard source for wavelength calibration in near IR astronomy.

Proceedings Article | 29 June 2006 Paper

MIDIR/T-OWL: the thermal/mid-IR instrument for the E-ELT

Bernhard Brandl, Rainer Lenzen, Lars Venema, Hans-Ulrich Käufl, Gert Finger, Alistair Glasse, Wolfgang Brandner, Remko Stuik

Proceedings Volume 6269, 626920 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.670806

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Adaptive optics, Mid-IR, Imaging spectroscopy, Spatial resolution, Stars, Spectral resolution, Spectroscopy, Molecules, Spectrographs

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Proceedings Article | 29 June 2006 Paper

Calibration of the ZnSe pre-disperser on ESO's cryogenic IR echelle spectrograph (CRIRES): comparison of the first results from CRIRES and the laboratory data from CHARMS

Florian Kerber, Bradley Frey, Douglas Leviton, Paul Bristow, Hans-Ulrich Käufl, Jean Francois Pirard, Michael Rosa

Proceedings Volume 6269, 626942 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.670393

KEYWORDS: Data modeling, Prisms, Refractive index, Spectrographs, Calibration, Cryogenics, Temperature metrology, Space telescopes, Instrument modeling, Infrared spectroscopy

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Proceedings Article | 28 June 2006 Paper

Observational capabilities and technical solutions of a thermal and MIR instrument at E-ELT

Rainer Lenzen, Bernhard Brandl, Wolfgang Brandner, Gert Finger, Alistair Glasse, Hans-Ulrich Käufl, Lars Venema

Proceedings Volume 6269, 626952 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.671193

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Spectroscopy, Sensors, Adaptive optics, Diffraction, Imaging systems, Cameras, Space telescopes, Switches, Collimators

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Proceedings Article | 27 June 2006 Paper

On-sky results of the adaptive optics MACAO for the new IR-spectrograph CRIRES at VLT

J. Paufique, P. Biereichel, B. Delabre, R. Donaldson, R. Esteves, E. Fedrigo, P. Gigan, D. Gojak, N. Hubin, M. Kasper, U. Käufl, J. Lizon, E. Marchetti, S. Oberti, J. Pirard, Eszter Pozna, J. Santos, S. Stroebele, S. Tordo

Proceedings Volume 6272, 627216 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.671504

KEYWORDS: Adaptive optics, Stars, Calibration, Telescopes, External quantum efficiency, Spectrographs, Mirrors, Wavefront sensors, Cameras, Observatories

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Proceedings Article | 25 October 2004 Paper

MACAO-CRIRES: a step toward high-resolution spectroscopy

Jerome Paufique, Peter Biereichel, Rob Donaldson, Bernhard Delabre, Enrico Fedrigo, Francis Franza, Pierre Gigan, Domingo Gojak, Norbert Hubin, Markus Kasper, Hans-Ulrich Kaeufl, Jean-Louis Lizon, Sylvain Oberti, Jean-Francois Pirard, Eszter Pozna, Joana Santos, Stefan Stroebele

Proceedings Volume 5490, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.551675

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Adaptive optics, Real-time computing, Calibration, Wavefront sensors, Avalanche photodetectors, Wavefronts, Sensors, Stars, Spectrographs

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Proceedings Article | 30 September 2004 Paper

CRIRES: a high-resolution infrared spectrograph for ESO's VLT

Hans-Ulrich Kaeufl, Pascal Ballester, Peter Biereichel, Bernard Delabre, Rob Donaldson, Reinhold Dorn, Enrico Fedrigo, Gert Finger, Gerhard Fischer, Francis Franza, Domingo Gojak, Gotthard Huster, Yves Jung, Jean-Louis Lizon, Leander Mehrgan, Manfred Meyer, Alan Moorwood, Jean-Francois Pirard, Jerome Paufique, Eszter Pozna, Ralf Siebenmorgen, Armin Silber, Joerg Stegmeier, Stefan Wegerer

Proceedings Volume 5492, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.551480

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Infrared radiation, Spectrographs, Calibration, Adaptive optics, Stars, Infrared spectroscopy, Cryogenics, Prisms, Spectral resolution

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Proceedings Article | 29 September 2004 Paper

The CRIRES InSb megapixel focal plane array detector mosaic

Reinhold Dorn, Gert Finger, Gotthard Huster, Hans-Ulrich Kaeufl, Jean-Louis Lizon, Leander Mehrgan, Manfred Meyer, Jean-Francois Pirard, Armin Silber, Joerg Stegmeier, Alan Moorwood

Proceedings Volume 5499, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.551501

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Staring arrays, Ceramics, Black bodies, Aluminum nitride, Infrared sensors, Infrared spectroscopy, Cryogenics, Photons, Connectors

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Proceedings Article | 7 March 2003 Paper

TIMMI2, ESO's Thermal Infrared Multimode Instrument: technical description and some scientific results

Hans-Ulrich Kaufl, Michael Sterzik, Ralf Siebenmorgen, Ueli Weilenmann, Helena Relke, Josef Hron, Martin Sperl

Proceedings Volume 4841, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.460335

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Telescopes, Calibration, Infrared radiation, Electronics, Stars, Thermography, Imaging spectroscopy, Infrared telescopes, Optical filters

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Proceedings Article | 7 March 2003 Paper

CRIRES: a high-resolution infrared spectrograph for the ESO VLT

Alan Moorwood, Peter Biereichel, Joar Brynnel, Bernard Delabre, Reinhold Dorn, Gert Finger, Francis Franza, Gotthard Huster, Yves Jung, Hans-Ulrich Kaeufl, Franz Koch, Markus Kasper, Raphael Lescouzeres, Jean-Luis Lizon, Hamid Mehrgan, Manfred Meyer, Jean-Francois Pirard, Ralf Siebenmorgen, Barbara Sokar, Joerg Stegmeier, Guenther Wiedemann

Proceedings Volume 4841, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.457987

KEYWORDS: Spectrographs, Sensors, Adaptive optics, Prisms, Infrared radiation, Mirrors, Cryogenics, Telescopes, Calibration, Infrared spectroscopy

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Proceedings Article | 14 February 2003 Paper

Spectropolarimetry with CRIRES: technical aspects and scientific potential

Hans-Ulrich Kaeufl, Alan Moorwood, Jean-Francois Pirard

Proceedings Volume 4843, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.458852

KEYWORDS: Polarization, Stars, Infrared radiation, Magnetism, Polarimetry, Dielectric polarization, Spectrographs, Absorption, Signal to noise ratio, Wave plates

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Proceedings Article | 14 February 2003 Paper

Polarimetric mode of TIMM12: technical characteristics and first results

Hans-Ulrich Kaeufl, Michael Sterzik, Ralf Siebenmorgen, Helena Relke, Bringfried Stecklum

Proceedings Volume 4843, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.458861

KEYWORDS: Polarimetry, Polarization, Polarizers, Calibration, Mirrors, Telescopes, Infrared radiation, Sensors, Stars, Infrared imaging

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Proceedings Article | 16 August 2000 Paper

TIMMI2: a new multimode mid-infrared instrument for the ESO 3.6-m telescope

Hans-Georg Reimann, Hendrick Linz, Ralf Wagner, Helena Relke, Hans-Ulrich Kaeufl, Eberhard Dietzsch, Martin Sperl, Josef Hron

Proceedings Volume 4008, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.395432

KEYWORDS: Electronics, Telescopes, Sensors, Mirrors, Control systems, Cryogenics, Data acquisition, Spectral resolution, Germanium, Spectroscopy

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Proceedings Article | 16 June 2000 Paper

Advanced instrument control and data reduction software for TIMMI2: the new midinfrared camera for the ESO 3.6-m telescope

Helena Relke, Martin Sperl, Josef Hron, Hans-Ulrich Kaeufl, Hendrick Linz, Hans-Georg Reimann, Ralf Wagner

Proceedings Volume 4009, (2000) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.388417

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Cameras, Control systems, Calibration, Human-machine interfaces, Polarimetry, Electronics, Data processing, Image processing, Video

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Proceedings Article | 21 August 1998 Paper

Grisms from germanium/silicon for astronomical instruments

Hans-Ulrich Kaeufl, Karl Kuehl, Steffan Vogel

Proceedings Volume 3354, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.317257

KEYWORDS: Manufacturing, Silicon, Optics manufacturing, Germanium, Prisms, Spectral resolution, Sensors, Semiconducting wafers, Astronomy, Telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 24 July 1998 Paper

Combining optical interferometry with lunar occultations

Hans-Ulrich Kaeufl, Bringfried Stecklum, Andrea Richichi

Proceedings Volume 3350, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.317203

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Stars, Diffraction, Interferometers, Interferometry, Reconstruction algorithms, Point spread functions, Infrared radiation, Cameras, Observatories

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Proceedings Article | 1 June 1994 Paper

Improved design and prototyping for a 10/20-um camera/spectrometer for ESO's VLT

Hans-Ulrich Kaeufl, Bernard Delabre

Proceedings Volume 2198, (1994) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.176795

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Imaging spectroscopy, Germanium, Spectroscopy, Sensors, Mirrors, Spectral resolution, Collimators, Telescopes, Diffraction

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Proceedings Article | 20 October 1993 Paper

TIMMI: a 10-um camera for the ESO 3.6-m telescope

Pierre-Olivier Lagage, Rene Jouan, Pierre Masse, P. Mestreau, Andre Tarrius, Hans-Ulrich Kaeufl

Proceedings Volume 1946, (1993) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.158720

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Sensors, Telescopes, Infrared detectors, Electronics, Optical filters, Spatial resolution, Detector arrays, Observatories, Space telescopes

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