High performance X-ray detectors can be realized by a variety of different approaches. However, more and more attention is paid to direct conversion X-ray detectors in a planar device geometry that use hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite semiconductors as absorber material. This study follows an alternative approach and uses a folded instead of a planar device architecture in order to realize a high performance X-ray detector. By reporting on the fabrication of a foldable perovskite sensor array and by demonstrating a high X-ray sensitivity and a high spatial resolution when the array is folded, we prove the concept of the folded perovskite detector design.
We present a fully printed temperature array yielding a total of 625 sensor pixel on a 12 mm by 12 mm area. Screen and aerosol jet printing are combined to fabricate the sensor stack. The active area features a bottom and top silver electrode sandwiching a thermoplastic based thermistor material. Due to the robust behavior towards humidity no encapsulation or special treatment was necessary. The sensor was operated between 0°C to 110°C exhibiting measurement accuracy of +/- 1°C. As demonstration, a laser was used to heat the sensor array locally and its beam properties and diameter could be observed.
Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite semiconductors represent a promising class of materials for direct conversion X-ray detectors. Due to their processability at low temperatures, perovskite thin films offer the ease of scalable solution-based processing on mechanically flexible substrates, enabling novel device concepts such as lightweight, robust, curved, and folded detectors. In this study, we use digital inkjet printing to realize triple cation perovskite X-ray detectors on mechanically flexible substrates and evaluate the detector performance by the X-ray sensitivity, the dark current, and the X-ray stability. Our results prove the concept of mechanically flexible inkjet-printed triple cation perovskite X-ray detectors for the realization of novel detector designs.
Cost effective direct conversion detectors for different photon energies that provide high performance are of fundamental importance in medical diagnosis. Conventional direct conversion detectors typically provide either large area devices with moderate performance at reduced costs or expensive high performance architectures with limited size. In order to investigate the feasibility of highly efficient detectors based on low-cost large area processable hybrid organic-inorganic materials, multilayered device architectures consisting of stacked conversion layers are investigated. For this purpose, models that describe the sensitivity and the detective quantum efficiency are extended to the proposed detector design. This enables to evaluate the performance of multilayered detectors based on scintillator-sensitized organic and polycrystalline perovskite materials. A sensitivity analysis based on various multilayered designs at different photon energies shows significantly higher performance of polycrystalline perovskite conversion layers compared to scintillator-sensitized organic materials. The evaluation of detective quantum efficiencies lead to limitations for the number of stacked layers and enables to deduce design rules based on optimal layout parameters. The comparison with conventional single layer detectors shows competitive performance of multilayered detectors compared to high quality single crystals for all investigated photon energies.
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