Dr. Herman L. Marshall Profile

Dr. Herman L. Marshall

Principal Research Scientist at MIT KIASR

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (51)

Proceedings Article | 9 September 2019 Paper

Component testing for x-ray spectroscopy and polarimetry

Alan Garner, Herman Marshall, Sarah Trowbridge Heine, Ralf Heilmann, Jungki Song, Norbert Schulz, Beverly LaMarr, Mark Egan

Proc. SPIE. 11118, UV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Space Instrumentation for Astronomy XXI

KEYWORDS: Rockets, Optical design, Polarization, Spectroscopy, X-rays, Polarimetry, Monochromators

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Proceedings Article | 9 September 2019 Presentation + Paper

Arcus: the soft x-ray grating explorer

Randall Smith, Margaret Abraham, Grace Baird, Marshall Bautz, Jay Bookbinder, Joel Bregman, Laura Brenneman, Nancy Brickhouse, David Burrows, Vadim Burwitz, Joseph Bushman, Claude Canizares, Deepto Chakrabarty, Peter Cheimets, Elisa Costantini, Simon Dawson, Casey DeRoo, Abraham Falcone, Adam Foster, Luigi Gallo, Catherine Grant, H. Moritz Günther, Ralf Heilmann, Butler Hine, David Huenemoerder, Steve Jara, Jelle Kaastra, Ingo Kreykenbohm, Kristin Madsen, Michael McDonald, Michael McEachen, Randall McEntaffer, Herman Marshall, Eric Miller, Jon Miller, Elisabeth Morse, Richard Mushotzky, Kirpal Nandra, Michael Nowak, Frits Paerels, Robert Petre, Katja Poppenhaeger, Andrew Ptak, Paul Reid, Karolyn Ronzano, Jeremy Sanders, Mark Schattenburg, Jonathan Schonfeld, Norbert Schulz, Alan Smale, Pasquale Temi, Lynne Valencic, Stephen Walker, Richard Willingale, Joern Wilms, Scott Wolk

Proc. SPIE. 11118, UV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Space Instrumentation for Astronomy XXI

KEYWORDS: Point spread functions, Sensors, Spectroscopy, X-rays, Spectral resolution, Charge-coupled devices, Space operations, Galactic astronomy, Absorption

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Proceedings Article | 9 September 2019 Presentation

Soft x-ray polarimetry with the REDSoX Polarimeter and beyond (Conference Presentation)

Herman Marshall, Alan Garner, Sarah Heine, Norbert Schulz, Ralf Heilmann, Brian Ramsey, David Windt

Proc. SPIE. 11118, UV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Space Instrumentation for Astronomy XXI

KEYWORDS: Reflectors, Mirrors, Rockets, Modulation, Polarization, Spectroscopy, X-rays, Polarimetry, Prototyping

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Proceedings Article | 9 September 2019 Paper

The Imaging X-Ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE): technical overview II

Stephen O'Dell, Primo Attinà, Luca Baldini, Mattia Barbanera, Wayne Baumgartner, Ronaldo Bellazzini, Jeff Bladt, Stephen Bongiorno, Alessandro Brez, Elisabetta Cavazzuti, Saverio Citraro, Enrico Costa, William Deininger, Ettore Del Monte, Kurtis Dietz, Niccolò Di Lalla, Immacolata Donnarumma, Ronald Elsner, Sergio Fabiani, Riccardo Ferrazzoli, Larry Guy, William Kalinowski, Victoria Kaspi, Anthony Kelley, Jeffrey Kolodziejczak, Luca Latronico, Carlo Lefevre, Leonardo Lucchesi, Alberto Manfreda, Herman Marshall, James Masciarelli, Giorgio Matt, Massimo Minuti, Fabio Muleri, Hikmat Nasimi, Alessio Nuti, Leonardo Orsini, Darren Osborne, Matteo Perri, Melissa Pesce-Rollins, Colin Peterson, Michele Pinchera, Simonetta Puccetti, Brian Ramsey, Ajay Ratheesh, Roger Romani, Francesco Santoli, Andrea Sciortino, Carmelo Sgrò, Brian Smith, Gloria Spandre, Paolo Soffitta, Allyn Tennant, Antonino Tobia, Alessio Trois, Jeffrey Wedmore, Martin Weisskopf, Fei Xie, Francesco Zanetti, Cheryl Alexander, D. Zachery Allen, Fabrizio Amici, Spencer Antoniak, Raffaella Bonino, Fabio Borotto, Shawn Breeding, Daniele Brienza, H. Kyle Bygott, Ciro Caporale, Claudia Cardelli, Marco Ceccanti, Mauro Centrone, Giuseppe Di Persio, Yuri Evangelista, MacKenzie Ferrie, Joseph Footdale, Brent Forsyth, Michelle Foster, Shuichi Gunji, Eli Gurnee, Grant Hibbard, Sandra Johnson, Eric Kelly, Kiranmayee Kilaru, Fabio La Monaca, Shelley Le Roy, Pasqualino Loffredo, Guido Magazzu, Marco Marengo, Alessandra Marrocchesi, Francesco Massaro, Jeffery McCracken, Michael McEachen, Paolo Mereu, Scott Mitchell, Ikuyuki Mitsuishi, Alfredo Morbidini, Federico Mosti, Michela Negro, Chiara Oppedisano, Richard Pacheco, Alessandro Paggi, Steven Pavelitz, Christina Pentz, Raffaele Piazzola, Brad Porter, Alessandro Profeti, Jaganathan Ranganathan, John Rankin, Noah Root, Alda Rubini, Stephanie Ruswick, Javier Sanchez, Emanuele Scalise, Sarah Schindhelm, Chet Speegle, Toru Tamagawa, Marcello Tardiola, Amy Walden, Bruce Weddendorf, David Welch

Proc. SPIE. 11118, UV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Space Instrumentation for Astronomy XXI

KEYWORDS: Observatories, Polarization, X-rays, Polarimetry, Space operations, Data communications, X-ray imaging, X-ray astronomy, X-ray telescopes, Astrophysics

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Proceedings Article | 20 August 2018 Presentation + Paper

The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE): technical overview

Stephen O'Dell, Luca Baldini, Ronaldo Bellazzini, Enrico Costa, Ronald Elsner, Victoria Kaspi, Jeffery Kolodziejczak, Luca Latronico, Herman Marshall, Giorgio Matt, Fabio Mulieri, Brian Ramsey, Roger Romani, Paolo Soffitta, Allyn Tennant, Martin Weisskopf, D. Zachary Allen, Fabrizio Amici, Spencer Antoniak, Primo Attina, Matteo Bachetti, Mattia Barbanera, Wayne Baumgartner, Jeff Bladt, Stephen Bongiorno, Fabio Borotto, Thomas Brooks, Scott Bussinger, H. Kyle Bygott, Elisabetta Cavazzuti, Marco Ceccanti, Saverio Citraro, William Deininger, Ettore Del Monte, Kurtis Dietz, Niccolò Di Lalla, Giuseppe Di Persio, Immacolata Donnarumma, Jennifer Erickson, Yuri Evangelista, Sergio Fabiani, Riccardo Ferrazzoli, Michele Foster, Manuela Giusti, Shuichi Gunji, Larry Guy, Sandra Johnson, William Kalinowski, Anthony Kelley, Kiranmayee Kilaru, Carlo Lefevre, Simone Maldera, Alberto Manfreda, Marco Marengo, James Masciarelli, Mike McEachen, Paolo Mereu, Massimo Minuti, Mark Mitchell, Scott Mitchell, Ikuyuki Mitsuishi, Alfredo Morbidini, Federico Mosti, Hikmat Nasimi, Barbara Negri, Leonardo Orsini, Darren Osborne, Steven Pavelitz, Christina Pentz, Matteo Perri, Melissa Pesce-Rollins, Colin Peterson, Raffaele Piazzolla, Stefano Pieraccini, Maura Pilia, Michele Pinchera, Simonetta Puccetti, Jaganathan Ranganathan, Tim Read, Alda Rubini, Francesco Santoli, Paolo Sarra, Sarah Schindhelm, Andrea Sciortino, Chris Seckar, Carmelo Sgrò, Brian Smith, Chet Speegle, Toru Tamagawa, Marcello Tardiola, Antonino Tobia, Alessia Tortosa, Alessio Trois, Bruce Weddendorf, Jeff Wedmore, Davide Zanetti

Proc. SPIE. 10699, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2018: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray

KEYWORDS: Observatories, Telescopes, Polarization, Sensors, Calibration, X-rays, Polarimetry, Space operations, X-ray telescopes, X-ray detectors

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Proceedings Article | 10 July 2018 Presentation

Concordance: In-flight calibration of x-ray telescopes without absolute references (Conference Presentation)

Herman Marshall, Vinay Kashyap, Matteo Guainazzi, Yang Chen, Xufei Wang, Xiao-Li Meng, Jeremy Drake

Proc. SPIE. 10704, Observatory Operations: Strategies, Processes, and Systems VII

KEYWORDS: Observatories, Statistical analysis, Calibration, Statistical methods, X-ray astronomy, X-ray telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 6 July 2018 Paper

The complicated evolution of the ACIS contamination layer over the mission life of the Chandra X-ray Observatory

Paul Plucinsky, Akos Bogdan, Herman Marshall, Neil Tice

Proc. SPIE. 10699, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2018: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray

KEYWORDS: Observatories, Optical filters, Contamination, Data modeling, Sensors, Calibration, X-rays, Charge-coupled devices, Space operations, Absorption

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The Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) was launched almost 19 years ago and has been delivering spectacular science over the course of its mission. The Advanced CCD Imager Spectrometer (ACIS) is the prime instrument on the satellite, conducting over 90% of the observations. The CCDs operate at a temperature of -120°C and the optical blocking filter (OBF) in front of the CCDs is at a temperature of approximately −60°C. The surface of the OBF has accumulated a layer of contamination over the course of the mission, as it is the coldest surface exposed to the interior to the spacecraft. We have been characterizing the thickness, chemical composition, and spatial distribution of the contamination layer as a function of time over the mission. All three have exhibited significant changes with time. There has been a dramatic decrease in the accumulation rate of the contaminant starting in 2017. The lower accumulation rate may be due to a decrease in the deposition rate or an increase in the vaporization rate or a combination of the two. We show that the current calibration file which models the additional absorption of the contamination layer is significantly overestimating that additional absorption by using the standard model spectrum for the supernova remnant 1E 0102.2-7219 developed by the International Astronomical Consortium for High Energy Calibration (IACHEC). In addition, spectral data from the cluster of galaxies known as Abell 1795 and the Blazar Markarian 421 are used to generate a model of the absorption produced by the contamination layer. The Chandra X-ray Center (CXC) calibration team is preparing a revised calibration file that more accurately represents the complex time dependence of the accumulation rate, the spatial dependence, and the chemical composition of the contaminant. Given the rapid changes in the contamination layer over the past year, future calibration observations at a higher cadence will be necessary to more accurately monitor such changes.

Proceedings Article | 6 July 2018 Paper

Blazed transmission grating technology development for the Arcus x-ray spectrometer explorer

Ralf Heilmann, Alexander Bruccoleri, Jungki Song, Casey DeRoo, Peter Cheimetz, Edward Hertz, Randall Smith, Vadim Burwitz, Gisela Hartner, Marlis-Madeleine La Caria, Carlo Pelliciari, Hans Guenther, Sarah N. Heine, Beverly LaMarr, Herman Marshall, Norbert Schulz, Eric Gullikson, Mark Schattenburg

Proc. SPIE. 10699, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2018: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray

KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Optical design, Spectroscopy, X-rays, Silicon, Charge-coupled devices, Optical alignment, X-ray technology, Diffraction gratings

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SPIE Journal Paper | 6 April 2018

Design of a broadband soft x-ray polarimeter

Herman Marshall, Hans Moritz Günther, Ralf Heilmann, Norbert Schulz, Mark Egan, Tim Hellickson, Sarah Trowbridge Heine, David Windt, Eric Gullikson, Brian Ramsey, Gianpiero Tagliaferri, Giovanni Pareschi

JATIS Vol. 4 Issue 01

KEYWORDS: Polarimetry, X-rays, Sensors, Polarization, Optical design, Photons, Mirrors, Reflectivity, Charge-coupled devices, Spectroscopy

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SPIE Journal Paper | 4 October 2017

Multilayer mirror-based soft x-ray polarimeter for astronomical observations

Singam Panini, Parameswaran Sreekumar, Herman Marshall, Shyama Narendranath, Maheswar Nayak, P. Subramania Athiray

JATIS Vol. 4 Issue 01

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Mirrors, Solar concentrators, Polarization, Multilayers, Polarimetry, Reflectivity, X-ray astronomy, Modulation, Astronomy

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Proceedings Article | 29 August 2017 Paper

REDSoX: Monte-Carlo ray-tracing for a soft x-ray spectroscopy polarimeter

Hans Günther, Mark Egan, Ralf Heilmann, Sarah N. Heine, Tim Hellickson, Jason Frost, Herman Marshall, Norbert Schulz, Adam Theriault-Shay

Proc. SPIE. 10399, Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy VIII

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Rockets, Optical design, Polarization, X-rays, Polarimetry, Monte Carlo methods

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Proceedings Article | 29 August 2017 Paper

The rocket experiment demonstration of a soft x-ray polarimeter (REDSoX Polarimeter)

Herman Marshall, Norbert Schulz, Sarah Trowbridge Heine, Ralf Heilmann, H. Moritz Günther, Mark Egan, Tim Hellickson, Mark Schattenburg, Deepto Chakrabarty, David Windt, Eric Gullikson, Brian Ramsey, Martin Weisskopf, Gianpiero Tagliaferri, Giovanni Pareschi, Alan Marscher, Svetlana Jorstad

Proc. SPIE. 10397, UV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Space Instrumentation for Astronomy XX

KEYWORDS: Reflectors, Mirrors, Rockets, Astronomy, Polarization, Spectroscopy, X-rays, Imaging spectroscopy, Polarimetry, X-ray astronomy

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Proceedings Article | 29 August 2017 Presentation + Paper

Laboratory progress in soft x-ray polarimetry

Sarah N. Heine, Herman Marshall, Ralf Heilmann, Norbert Schulz, Kyle Beeks, Francesco Drake, Derek Gaines, Skylar Levey, David Windt, Eric Gullikson

Proc. SPIE. 10399, Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy VIII

KEYWORDS: Reflectors, Mirrors, Rockets, Modulation, Polarization, Spectroscopy, X-rays, X-ray sources, Phase shift keying, Polarimetry

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Proceedings Article | 29 August 2017 Paper

Modeling contamination migration on the Chandra X-ray Observatory IV

Stephen O'Dell, Douglas Swartz, Neil Tice, Paul Plucinsky, Herman Marshall, Akos Bogdan, Catherine Grant, Allyn Tennant, Matthew Dahmer

Proc. SPIE. 10397, UV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Space Instrumentation for Astronomy XX

KEYWORDS: Observatories, Contamination, X-rays, Imaging spectroscopy, Charge-coupled devices, Modeling and simulation, Geometrical optics, Space operations, X-ray imaging, X-ray astronomy

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Proceedings Article | 11 October 2016 Paper

XIPE: the x-ray imaging polarimetry explorer

P. Soffitta, R. Bellazzini, E. Bozzo, V. Burwitz, A. Castro-Tirado, E. Costa, T. Courvoisier, H. Feng, S. Gburek, R. Goosmann, V. Karas, G. Matt, F. Muleri, K. Nandra, M. Pearce, J. Poutanen, V. Reglero, D. Sabau Maria, A. Santangelo, G. Tagliaferri, C. Tenzer, J. Vink, M. Weisskopf, S. Zane, I. Agudo, A. Antonelli, P. Attina, L. Baldini, A. Bykov, R. Carpentiero, E. Cavazzuti, E. Churazov, E. Del Monte, D. De Martino, I. Donnarumma, V. Doroshenko, Y. Evangelista, I. Ferreira, E. Gallo, N. Grosso, P. Kaaret, E. Kuulkers, J. Laranaga, L. Latronico, D. Lumb, J. Macian, J. Malzac, F. Marin, E. Massaro, M. Minuti, C. Mundell, J. U. Ness, T. Oosterbroek, S. Paltani, G. Pareschi, R. Perna, P.-O. Petrucci, H. B. Pinazo, M. Pinchera, J. P. Rodriguez, M. Roncadelli, A. Santovincenzo, S. Sazonov, C. Sgro, D. Spiga, J. Svoboda, C. Theobald, T. Theodorou, R. Turolla, E. Wilhelmi de Ona, B. Winter, A. M. Akbar, H. Allan, R. Aloisio, D. Altamirano, L. Amati, E. Amato, E. Angelakis, J. Arezu, J.-L. Atteia, M. Axelsson, M. Bachetti, L. Ballo, S. Balman, R. Bandiera, X. Barcons, S. Basso, A. Baykal, W. Becker, E. Behar, B. Beheshtipour, R. Belmont, E. Berger, F. Bernardini, S. Bianchi, G. Bisnovatyi-Kogan, P. Blasi, P. Blay, A. Bodaghee, M. Boer, M. Boettcher, S. Bogdanov, I. Bombaci, R. Bonino, J. Braga, W. Brandt, A. Brez, N. Bucciantini, L. Burderi, I. Caiazzo, R. Campana, S. Campana, F. Capitanio, M. Cappi, M. Cardillo, P. Casella, O. Catmabacak, B. Cenko, P. Cerda-Duran, C. Cerruti, S. Chaty, M. Chauvin, Y. Chen, J. Chenevez, M. Chernyakova, C. C. Cheung, D. Christodoulou, P. Connell, R. Corbet, F. Coti Zelati, S. Covino, W. Cui, G. Cusumano, A. D’Ai, F. D’Ammando, M. Dadina, Z. Dai, A. De Rosa, L. de Ruvo, N. Degenaar, M. Del Santo, L. Del Zanna, G. Dewangan, S. Di Cosimo, N. Di Lalla, G. Di Persio, T. Di Salvo, T. Dias, C. Done, M. Dovciak, G. Doyle, L. Ducci, R. Elsner, T. Enoto, J. Escada, P. Esposito, C. Eyles, S. Fabiani, M. Falanga, S. Falocco, Y. Fan, R. Fender, M. Feroci, C. Ferrigno, W. Forman, L. Foschini, C. Fragile, F. Fuerst, Y. Fujita, J. L. Gasent-Blesa, J. Gelfand, B. Gendre, G. Ghirlanda, G. Ghisellini, M. Giroletti, D. Goetz, E. Gogus, J.-L. Gomez, D. Gonzalez, R. Gonzalez-Riestra, E. Gotthelf, L. Gou, P. Grandi, V. Grinberg, F. Grise, C. Guidorzi, N. Gurlebeck, T. Guver, D. Haggard, M. Hardcastle, D. Hartmann, C. Haswell, A. Heger, M. Hernanz, J. Heyl, L. Ho, J. Hoormann, J. Horak, J. Huovelin, D. Huppenkothen, R. Iaria, C. Inam Sitki, A. Ingram, G. Israel, L. Izzo, M. Burgess, M. Jackson, L. Ji, J. Jiang, T. Johannsen, C. Jones, S. Jorstad, J. J. E. Kajava, M. Kalamkar, E. Kalemci, T. Kallman, A. Kamble, F. Kislat, M. Kiss, D. Klochkov, E. Koerding, M. Kolehmainen, K. Koljonen, S. Komossa, A. Kong, S. Korpela, M. Kowalinski, H. Krawczynski, I. Kreykenbohm, M. Kuss, D. Lai, M. Lan, J. Larsson, S. Laycock, D. Lazzati, D. Leahy, H. Li, J. Li, L.-X. Li, T. Li, Z. Li, M. Linares, M. Lister, H. Liu, G. Lodato, A. Lohfink, F. Longo, G. Luna, A. Lutovinov, S. Mahmoodifar, J. Maia, V. Mainieri, C. Maitra, D. Maitra, A. Majczyna, S. Maldera, D. Malyshev, A. Manfreda, A. Manousakis, R. Manuel, R. Margutti, A. Marinucci, S. Markoff, A. Marscher, H. Marshall, F. Massaro, M. McLaughlin, G. Medina-Tanco, M. Mehdipour, M. Middleton, R. Mignani, P. Mimica, T. Mineo, B. Mingo, G. Miniutti, S. M. Mirac, G. Morlino, A. Motlagh, S. Motta, A. Mushtukov, S. Nagataki, F. Nardini, J. Nattila, G. Navarro, B. Negri, Matteo Negro, S. Nenonen, V. Neustroev, F. Nicastro, A. Norton, A. Nucita, P. O’Brien, S. O’Dell, H. Odaka, B. Olmi, N. Omodei, M. Orienti, M. Orlandini, J. Osborne, L. Pacciani, V. Paliya, I. Papadakis, A. Papitto, Z. Paragi, P. Pascal, B. Paul, L. Pavan, A. Pellizzoni, E. Perinati, M. Pesce-Rollins, E. Piconcelli, A. Pili, M. Pilia, M. Pohl, G. Ponti, D. Porquet, A. Possenti, K. Postnov, I. Prandoni, N. Produit, G. Puehlhofer, B. Ramsey, M. Razzano, N. Rea, P. Reig, K. Reinsch, T. Reiprich, M. Reynolds, G. Risaliti, T. Roberts, J. Rodriguez, M. Rossi, S. Rosswog, A. Rozanska, A. Rubini, B. Rudak, D. Russell, F. Ryde, S. Sabatini, G. Sala, M. Salvati, M. Sasaki, T. Savolainen, R. Saxton, S. Scaringi, K. Schawinski, N. Schulz, A. Schwope, P. Severgnini, M. Sharon, A Shaw, A. Shearer, X. Shesheng, I. -C. Shih, K. Silva, R. Silva, E. Silver, A. Smale, F. Spada, G. Spandre, A. Stamerra, B. Stappers, S. Starrfield, L. Stawarz, N. Stergioulas, A. Stevens, H. Stiele, V. Suleimanov, R. Sunyaev, A. Slowikowska, F. Tamborra, F. Tavecchio, R. Taverna, A. Tiengo, L. Tolos, F. Tombesi, J. Tomsick, H. Tong, G. Torok, D. Torres, A. Tortosa, A. Tramacere, V. Trimble, G. Trinchieri, S. Tsygankov, M. Tuerler, S. Turriziani, F. Ursini, P. Uttley, P. Varniere, F. Vincent, E. Vurgun, C. Wang, Z. Wang, A. Watts, J. Wheeler, K. Wiersema, R. Wijnands, J. Wilms, A. Wolter, K. Wood, K. Wu, X. Wu, W. Xiangyu, F. Xie, R. Xu, S.-P. Yan, J. Yang, W. Yu, F. Yuan, A. Zajczyk, D. Zanetti, R. Zanin, C. Zanni, L. Zappacosta, A. Zdziarski, A. Zech, H. Zhang, S. Zhang, W. Zhang, A. Zoghbi

Proc. SPIE. 9905, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2016: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray

KEYWORDS: Observatories, Mirrors, Astronomy, X-ray optics, Modulation, Polarization, Sensors, X-rays, Physics, Polarimetry

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Proceedings Article | 18 July 2016 Paper

Ray-tracing critical-angle transmission gratings for the X-ray Surveyor and Explorer-size missions

Hans M. Günther, Marshall Bautz, Ralf Heilmann, David Huenemoerder, Herman Marshall, Michael Nowak, Norbert Schulz

Proc. SPIE. 9905, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2016: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray

KEYWORDS: Point spread functions, Mirrors, Optical design, Sensors, Spectroscopy, Photons, X-rays, Spectral resolution, Computed tomography, Tolerancing

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Proceedings Article | 18 July 2016 Paper

The evolution of the ACIS contamination layer over the 16-year mission of the Chandra X-ray Observatory

Paul Plucinsky, Akos Bogdan, Gregg Germain, Herman Marshall

Proc. SPIE. 9905, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2016: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray

KEYWORDS: Observatories, Observatories, Mirrors, Contamination, Data modeling, Calibration, X-rays, X-rays, Charge-coupled devices, Neon, Space operations, Absorption

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Proceedings Article | 11 July 2016 Paper

The Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE)

Martin Weisskopf, Brian Ramsey, Stephen O'Dell, Allyn Tennant, Ronald Elsner, Paolo Soffitta, Ronaldo Bellazzini, Enrico Costa, Jeffrey Kolodziejczak, Victoria Kaspi, Fabio Muleri, Herman Marshall, Giorgio Matt, Roger Romani

Proc. SPIE. 9905, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2016: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Polarization, Sensors, X-rays, X-ray sources, Magnetism, Polarimetry, Space telescopes, Spatial resolution, X-ray imaging

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Proceedings Article | 18 September 2015 Paper

Modeling contamination migration on the Chandra X-ray Observatory: III

Stephen O'Dell, Douglas Swartz, Neil Tice, Paul Plucinsky, Catherine Grant, Herman Marshall, Alexey Vikhlinin, Allyn Tennant, Matthew Dahmer

Proc. SPIE. 9601, UV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Space Instrumentation for Astronomy XIX

KEYWORDS: Observatories, Telescopes, Optical filters, Contamination, Cameras, Spectroscopy, X-rays, Collimators, Charge-coupled devices, Thermal modeling

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Proceedings Article | 10 September 2015 Paper

The use of laterally graded multilayer mirrors for soft x-ray polarimetry

Herman Marshall, Norbert Schulz, David Windt, Eric Gullikson, Marshall Craft, Eric Blake, Connor Ross

Proc. SPIE. 9603, Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy VII

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Rockets, Optical design, Polarization, Sensors, X-rays, X-ray sources, Polarimetry, Charge-coupled devices, CCD image sensors

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Proceedings Article | 24 July 2014 Paper

The use of laterally graded multilayer mirrors for soft X-ray polarimetry

Herman Marshall, Norbert Schulz, David Windt, Eric Gullikson, Eric Blake, Dan Getty, Zane McInturff

Proc. SPIE. 9144, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2014: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Multilayers, X-ray optics, Polarization, Sensors, X-rays, X-ray sources, Polarimetry, Charge-coupled devices, CCD image sensors

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Proceedings Article | 27 September 2013 Paper

Modeling contamination migration on the Chandra X-ray Observatory II

Stephen O'Dell, Douglas Swartz, Neil Tice, Paul Plucinsky, Catherine Grant, Herman Marshall, Alexey Vikhlinin, Allyn Tennant

Proc. SPIE. 8859, UV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Space Instrumentation for Astronomy XVIII

KEYWORDS: Observatories, Optical filters, Contamination, Cameras, Sensors, Spectroscopy, X-rays, Charge-coupled devices, Thermal modeling, Absorption

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Proceedings Article | 26 September 2013 Paper

Progress toward a soft x-ray polarimeter

Herman Marshall, Norbert Schulz, Brian Remlinger, Eric Gentry, David Windt, Eric Gullikson

Proc. SPIE. 8861, Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy VI

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Multilayers, X-ray optics, Polarization, Sensors, X-rays, X-ray sources, Polarimetry, Charge-coupled devices, CCD image sensors

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Proceedings Article | 25 September 2012 Paper

Raytracing with MARX: x-ray observatory design, calibration, and support

John Davis, Marshall Bautz, Daniel Dewey, Ralf Heilmann, John Houck, David Huenemoerder, Herman Marshall, Michael Nowak, Mark Schattenburg, Norbert Schulz, Randall Smith

Proc. SPIE. 8443, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2012: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray

KEYWORDS: Observatories, Point spread functions, Mirrors, Sensors, Calibration, Photons, X-rays, Spectrometers, Charge-coupled devices, Diffraction gratings

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Proceedings Article | 17 September 2012 Paper

Updating the Chandra HETGS efficiencies using in-orbit observations

Herman Marshall

Proc. SPIE. 8443, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2012: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray

KEYWORDS: Astronomy, Data modeling, Sensors, Calibration, Spectroscopy, X-rays, Quantum efficiency, Spectral calibration, Charge-coupled devices, Magnetoencephalography

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Proceedings Article | 30 July 2010 Paper

Broadband soft x-ray polarimetry

Herman Marshall, Ralf Heilmann, Norbert Schulz, Kendrah Murphy

Proc. SPIE. 7732, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2010: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray

KEYWORDS: Observatories, Mirrors, Multilayers, X-ray optics, Stars, Polarization, Spectroscopy, X-rays, Magnetism, Polarimetry

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Proceedings Article | 30 July 2010 Paper

Critical-angle transmission grating spectrometer for high-resolution soft x-ray spectroscopy on the International X-ray Observatory

Ralf Heilmann, John Davis, Daniel Dewey, Mark Bautz, Rick Foster, Alex Bruccoleri, Pran Mukherjee, David Robinson, David Huenemoerder, Herman Marshall, Mark Schattenburg, Norbert Schulz, L. Jay Guo, Alex Kaplan, Russell Schweikart

Proc. SPIE. 7732, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2010: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray

KEYWORDS: Point spread functions, Telescopes, Mirrors, Optical design, Spectroscopy, X-rays, Silicon, Spectral resolution, Computed tomography, Diffraction gratings

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Proceedings Article | 29 July 2010 Paper

Soft x-ray polarimeter laboratory tests

Kendrah Murphy, Herman Marshall, Norbert Schulz, Kevin Jenks, Sophie Sommer, Eric Marshall

Proc. SPIE. 7732, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2010: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Polarization, Sensors, X-rays, X-ray sources, Magnetism, Polarimetry, Charge-coupled devices, CCD image sensors, X-ray detectors

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Proceedings Article | 31 August 2009 Paper

Development of a critical-angle transmission grating spectrometer for the International X-Ray Observatory

Ralf Heilmann, Minseung Ahn, Marshall Bautz, Richard Foster, David Huenemoerder, Herman Marshall, Pran Mukherjee, Mark Schattenburg, Norbert Schulz, Matthew Smith

Proc. SPIE. 7437, Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy IV

KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Telescopes, Etching, Spectroscopy, X-rays, Silicon, Spectral resolution, Computed tomography, Charge-coupled devices, Diffraction gratings

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Proceedings Article | 15 July 2008 Paper

Polarimetry with a soft x-ray spectrometer

Herman Marshall

Proc. SPIE. 7011, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2008: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, X-ray optics, Modulation, Polarization, Sensors, Spectroscopy, X-rays, Reflectivity, Polarimetry, Charge-coupled devices

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Proceedings Article | 20 September 2007 Paper

Spectrometer concept and design for X-ray astronomy using a blazed transmission grating

Kathryn Flanagan, Minseung Ahn, John Davis, Ralf Heilmann, David Huenemoerder, Alan Levine, Herman Marshall, Gregory Prigozhin, Andrew Rasmussen, George Ricker, Mark Schattenburg, Norbert Schulz, Yong Zhao

Proc. SPIE. 6688, Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy III

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Mirrors, Spectroscopy, X-rays, Silicon, Spectral resolution, Computed tomography, Charge-coupled devices, Diffraction gratings, Absorption

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Proceedings Article | 20 September 2007 Paper

A soft x-ray polarimeter designed for broadband x-ray telescopes

Herman Marshall

Proc. SPIE. 6688, Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy III

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Multilayers, X-ray optics, Polarization, Sensors, X-rays, Reflectivity, Polarimetry, Computed tomography, X-ray telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 11 October 2004 Paper

An evaluation of a bake-out of the ACIS instrument on the Chandra X-Ray Observatory

Paul Plucinsky, Stephen O'Dell, Neil Tice, Douglas Swartz, Marshall Bautz, Joseph DePasquale, Richard Edgar, Gordon Garmire, Rino Giordano, Catherine Grant, Perry Knollenberg, Steve Kissel, Beverly LaMarr, Richard Logan, Martin Mach, Herman Marshall, Leon McKendrick, Gregory Prigozhin, Dan Schwartz, Norbert Schulz, Dan Shropshire, Tan Trinh, Alexey Vikhlinin, Shanil Virani

Proc. SPIE. 5488, UV and Gamma-Ray Space Telescope Systems

KEYWORDS: Observatories, Contamination, Aerospace engineering, Sensors, X-rays, Collimators, Charge-coupled devices, Space operations, Thermal modeling, Absorption

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Proceedings Article | 29 September 2004 Paper

Verifying the ACIS contamination model with 1E0102.2-7219

Joseph DePasquale, Paul Plucinsky, Alexey Vikhlinin, Herman Marshall, Norbert Schulz, Richard Edgar

Proc. SPIE. 5501, High-Energy Detectors in Astronomy

KEYWORDS: Observatories, Contamination, Data modeling, Calibration, X-rays, Imaging spectroscopy, Bismuth, Charge-coupled devices, Spectral models, Absorption

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Proceedings Article | 3 February 2004 Paper

Chandra X-ray Observatory mirror effective area

Ping Zhao, Diab Jerius, Richard Edgar, Terrance Gaetz, Leon Van Speybroeck, Beth Biller, Eli Beckerman, Herman Marshall

Proc. SPIE. 5165, X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy XIII

KEYWORDS: Observatories, Mirrors, Sensors, Calibration, X-rays, X-ray sources, Quantum efficiency, Buildings, X-ray telescopes, Data analysis

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Proceedings Article | 3 February 2004 Paper

In-flight calibration of the Chandra high-energy transmission grating spectrometer

Herman Marshall, Daniel Dewey, Kazunori Ishibashi

Proc. SPIE. 5165, X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy XIII

KEYWORDS: Observatories, Data modeling, Sensors, Laser range finders, Calibration, Spectroscopy, X-rays, Quantum efficiency, Charge-coupled devices, Magnetoencephalography

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Proceedings Article | 3 February 2004 Paper

Composition of the Chandra ACIS contaminant

Herman Marshall, Allyn Tennant, Catherine Grant, Adam Hitchcock, Stephen O'Dell, Paul Plucinsky

Proc. SPIE. 5165, X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy XIII

KEYWORDS: Carbon, Contamination, Data modeling, Opacity, Calibration, Spectroscopy, X-rays, Quantum efficiency, Fluorine, Absorption

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Proceedings Article | 11 March 2003 Paper

Flight spectral response of the ACIS instrument

Paul Plucinsky, Norbert Schulz, Herman Marshall, Catherine Grant, George Chartas, Divas Sanwal, Marcus Teter, Alexey Vikhlinin, Richard Edgar, Michael Wise, Glenn Allen, Shanil Virani, Joseph DePasquale, Michael Raley

Proc. SPIE. 4851, X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Telescopes and Instruments for Astronomy

KEYWORDS: Contamination, Data modeling, Sensors, Calibration, X-rays, Spectral resolution, Bismuth, Charge-coupled devices, Manganese, Absorption

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We discuss the flight calibration of the spectral response of the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) on-board the Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO). The spectral resolution and sensitivity of the ACIS instrument have both been evolving over the course of the mission. The spectral resolution of the frontside-illuminated (FI) CCDs changed dramatically in the first month of the mission due to radiation damage. Since that time, the spectral resolution of the FI CCDs and the Backside-illuminated (BI) CCDs have evolved gradually with time. We demonstrate the efficacy of charge-transfer inefficiency (CTI) correction algorithms which recover some of the lost performance. The detection efficiency of the ACIS instrument has been declining throughout the mission, presumably due to a layer of contamination building up on the filter and/or CCDs. We present a characterization of the energy dependence of the excess absorption and demonstrate software which models the time dependence of the absorption from energies of 0.4 keV and up. The spectral redistribution function and the detection efficiency are well-characterized at energies from 1.5 to 8.0~keV primarily due to the existence of strong lines in the ACIS calibration source in that energy range. The calibration at energies below 1.5 keV is challenging because of the lack of strong lines in the calibration source and also because of the inherent non-linear dependence with energy of the CTI and the absorption by the contamination layer. We have been using data from celestial sources with relatively simple spectra to determine the quality of the calibration below 1.5 keV. We have used observations of 1E0102.2-7219 (the brightest supernova remnant in the SMC), PKS2155-304 (a bright blazar), and the pulsar PSR~0656+14 (nearby pulsar with a soft spectrum), since the spectra of these objects have been well-characterized by the gratings on the CXO. The analysis of these observations demonstrate that the CTI correction recovers a significant fraction of the spectral resolution of the FI CCDs and the models of the time-dependent absorption result in consistent measurements of the flux at low energies for data from a BI (S3) CCD.

Proceedings Article | 11 March 2003 Paper

Probing the cosmic x-ray laboratory with the Chandra HETGS

Kathryn Flanagan, Claude Canizares, Daniel Dewey, A. Fredericks, J. Houck, J. Lee, Herman Marshall, Mark Schattenburg

Proc. SPIE. 4851, X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Telescopes and Instruments for Astronomy

KEYWORDS: Signal to noise ratio, Magnesium, Iron, Data modeling, Doppler effect, X-rays, Silicon, Ionization, Neon, Absorption

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Proceedings Article | 11 March 2003 Paper

In-flight effective area calibration of the Chandra low-energy transmission grating spectrometer

Deron Pease, Jeremy Drake, Vinay Kashyap, Herman Marshall, Erica Raffauf, Peter Ratzlaff, Bradford Wargelin

Proc. SPIE. 4851, X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Telescopes and Instruments for Astronomy

KEYWORDS: Observatories, Diffraction, Data modeling, Calibration, Dispersion, Spectroscopy, Microchannel plates, X-rays, Hydrogen, Quantum efficiency

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Proceedings Article | 14 February 2003 Paper

Realistic inexpensive soft x-ray polarimeter and the potential scientific return

Herman Marshall, Stephen Murray, John Chappell, Herbert Schnopper, Eric Silver, Martin Weisskopf

Proc. SPIE. 4843, Polarimetry in Astronomy

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Multilayers, Stars, Modulation, Polarization, Sensors, Microchannel plates, X-rays, Reflectivity, Polarimetry

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Proceedings Article | 18 July 2000 Paper

Absolute effective area of the Chandra high-resolution mirror assembly (HRMA)

Daniel Schwartz, Laurence David, R. Donnelly, Richard Edgar, Terrance Gaetz, Dale Graessle, Diab Jerius, Michael Juda, Edwin Kellogg, Brian McNamara, Paul Plucinsky, Leon Van Speybroeck, Bradford Wargelin, S. Wolk, Ping Zhao, Daniel Dewey, Herman Marshall, Norbert Schulz, Ronald Elsner, Jeffery Kolodziejczak, Stephen O'Dell, Douglas Swartz, Allyn Tennant, Martin Weisskopf

Proc. SPIE. 4012, X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions III

KEYWORDS: Observatories, Mirrors, Sensors, Calibration, Photons, X-rays, Reflectivity, Optical testing, Synchrotrons, X-ray imaging

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Proceedings Article | 18 July 2000 Paper

Low-energy effective area of the Chandra low-energy transmission grating spectrometer

Deron Pease, Jeremy Drake, C. Olivia Johnson, Vinay Kashyap, Ralph Kraft, Peter Ratzlaff, Bradford Wargelin, A. Brinkman, Jelle Kaastra, Rob van der Meer, Frits Paerels, Vadim Burwitz, Peter Predehl, Herman Marshall, Martin Barstow, D. Finley, Jean Dupuis

Proc. SPIE. 4012, X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions III

KEYWORDS: Observatories, Data modeling, Calibration, Spectroscopy, Error analysis, X-rays, Hydrogen, Quantum efficiency, Spectroscopes, Atmospheric modeling

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Proceedings Article | 19 November 1998 Paper

Spectral features in the AXAF HETGS effective area using high-signal-continuum tests

Herman Marshall, Daniel Dewey, Norbert Schulz, Kathryn Flanagan

Proc. SPIE. 3444, X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions

KEYWORDS: Gold, Data modeling, Sensors, Calibration, Spectroscopy, Quantum efficiency, Imaging spectroscopy, Bismuth, Charge-coupled devices, Magnetoencephalography

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Proceedings Article | 19 November 1998 Paper

Analysis and modeling of anomalous scattering in the AXAF HETGS

John Davis, Herman Marshall, Daniel Dewey, Mark Schattenburg

Proc. SPIE. 3444, X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions

KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Data modeling, Scattering, Sensors, Calibration, Dispersion, X-rays, Light scattering, Magnetoencephalography, Diffraction gratings

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Proceedings Article | 19 November 1998 Paper

Absolute effective areas of the HETGS

Norbert Schulz, Daniel Dewey, Herman Marshall

Proc. SPIE. 3444, X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions

KEYWORDS: Energy efficiency, Sensors, Calibration, Spectroscopy, Crystals, X-rays, Quantum efficiency, Charge-coupled devices, Magnetoencephalography, Diffraction gratings

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Proceedings Article | 11 July 1997 Paper

X-ray calibration of the AXAF Low Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer: effective area

Peter Predehl, Heinrich Braeuninger, A. Brinkman, Daniel Dewey, Jeremy Drake, Kathryn Flanagan, Theo Gunsing, Gisela Hartner, Jiahong Juda, Michael Juda, Jelle Kaastra, Herman Marshall, Douglas Swartz

Proc. SPIE. 3113, Grazing Incidence and Multilayer X-Ray Optical Systems

KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Mirrors, Sensors, Calibration, Spectroscopy, X-rays, Space telescopes, Spectral resolution, Monochromators, Diffraction gratings

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Proceedings Article | 11 July 1997 Paper

Preliminary test results on spectral resolution of the Low Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer on board of AXAF

A. Brinkman, C. Gunsing, Jelle Kaastra, Heinrich Braeuninger, Gisela Hartner, Peter Predehl, Jeremy Drake, Jiahong Juda, Michael Juda, Daniel Dewey, Kathryn Flanagan, Herman Marshall

Proc. SPIE. 3113, Grazing Incidence and Multilayer X-Ray Optical Systems

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Mirrors, Imaging systems, Sensors, Calibration, Spectroscopy, X-rays, Image resolution, Spectral resolution, Chemical elements

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Proceedings Article | 11 July 1997 Paper

Toward the calibration of the HETGS effective area

Daniel Dewey, Kathryn Flanagan, Herman Marshall, C. Baluta, Claude Canizares, D. Davis, John Davis, T. Fang, D. Huenemoerder, Joel Kastner, Norbert Schulz, Michael Wise, Jeremy Drake, Jiahong Juda, Michael Juda, A. Brinkman, C. Gunsing, Jelle Kaastra, Gisela Hartner, Peter Predehl

Proc. SPIE. 3113, Grazing Incidence and Multilayer X-Ray Optical Systems

KEYWORDS: Diffraction, Mirrors, Contamination, Data modeling, Sensors, Calibration, X-rays, Quantum efficiency, Magnetoencephalography, Diffraction gratings

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Proceedings Article | 11 July 1997 Paper

Toward the calibration of the HETGS line response function

Herman Marshall, Daniel Dewey, Kathryn Flanagan, C. Baluta, Claude Canizares, D. Davis, John Davis, T. Fang, D. Huenemoerder, Joel Kastner, Norbert Schulz, Michael Wise, Jeremy Drake, Jiahong Juda, Michael Juda, A. Brinkman, C. Gunsing, Jelle Kaastra, Gisela Hartner, Peter Predehl

Proc. SPIE. 3113, Grazing Incidence and Multilayer X-Ray Optical Systems

KEYWORDS: Point spread functions, Mirrors, Scattering, Sensors, Laser range finders, Calibration, Dispersion, X-rays, Spectral resolution, Magnetoencephalography

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Proceedings Article | 7 November 1994 Paper

Conceptual design of a fast soft x-ray stellar polarimeter

Herman Marshall

Proc. SPIE. 2283, X-Ray and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy and Polarimetry

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Mirrors, Multilayers, Polarization, Sensors, X-rays, Reflectivity, Polarimetry, Reflector telescopes, Signal detection

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