Global carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) flux distributions were derived by the inverse model analyses of CO2 and CH4 column-average concentration data from Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) launched in 2009 and its successor (GOSAT-2) launched in 2018. GOSAT Level 4A CO2 and CH4 flux products are freely available from GOSAT Data Archive Service. Monthly net CO2 and CH4 flux values are calculated for 42 land regions and 22 ocean regions for CO2 and one ocean region for CH4 using the inversion system with NIES TM atmospheric transport model. The preliminary version of GOSAT-2 Level 4A CO2 product is being evaluated and will be released to the public in FY2023. GOSAT-2 Level 4A CH4 product will be generated after the release of CO2 product. GOSAT-2 Level 4A CO2 product is generated using the inversion system named NICAM-based Inverse Simulation for Monitoring CO2 (NISMON- CO2) with about 2.5-degree grids and monthly time interval. The spatial distributions of small CO2 sources and sinks will be shown by this product. GOSAT-GW, the third satellite in GOSAT Series to be launched in FY2024, will map CO2 and CH4 column concentrations with two spatial observation modes, Wide mode with 910 km swath and 10 km resolution, and Focus Mode with 90 km swath and 3 km or better resolution. Such image data will be used in the inversion analysis to obtain global and regional CO2 and CH4 net flux with higher spatial and temporal resolution than GOSAT and GOSAT-2.
Global Observing SATellite for Greenhouse gases and Water cycle (GOSAT-GW) is a Japanese Earth observation satellite to be launched in FY2023 and jointly funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) and the Ministry of the Environment (MOE). One of GOSAT-GW's mission instrument is Total Anthropogenic and Natural Emissions Mapping Spectrometer-3 (TANSO-3). TANSO-3 is a 3-band grating imaging spectrometer with two different selectable spatial observation modes, Wide Mode and Focus Mode. MOE and National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) are responsible for global observation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and air pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), by TANSO-3. TANSO-3 instrument is being developed by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) with the funding from MOE. The missions of TANSO-3 include (1) monitoring of whole-atmosphere mean concentrations of CO2 and CH4, (2) validation of nationwide anthropogenic emissions of GHGs, and (3) detection of GHGs emissions from large sources, such as megacities and power plants. The validation of nationwide anthropogenic emissions of GHGs is one of emerging challenges related to the Paris Agreement and contributions of TANSO-3's global data strongly expected. NO2 data from TANSO-3 will be also utilized in the identification and characterization of point sources which use fossil fuels and their plumes.
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