We recorded real time holographic gratings in a photosensitive liquid material. This material is Norland Optical Adhesive (NOA 65®) mixed with yellow eosin dye. The NOA 65® is a clear, colorless, liquid photopolymer that cures when is exposed to ultraviolet light (UV) but when is mixed with yellow eosin becomes sensitive to visible region. To record the gratings we used the interference between two diode laser, obtaining gratings by refraction index changes. We use two different wavelengths, for recording the gratings and its highest diffraction efficient was obtained when the grating was illuminated with a wavelength.
Study of wave propagation with random amplitude and phase, which overlap to form interference, is presented. Where each superimposed wave has independent random amplitude and phases that are monitored by the visibility parameter. This parameter is a function of the spatial correlation distribution of amplitudes and phases of the waves that emerge from the openings. The interference fringes visibility depends on the degree of phase randomness and to a lesser extent wave amplitude.
Incorporation of copper into a recording material of poly (vinyl alcohol) with Iron (III) Chloride is observed to give improved its characteristics as holographic recording medium. We show preliminary results; transmission gratings were recorded in the photopolymer films using a diode laser (445 nm). Copper-doped films showed good energy sensitivity and gratings recorded in films exhibited a diffraction efficiency of 20% at first order. This material have great advantages such as real-time image development, self-processing and high photosensitivity.
We show the behavior of the holographic gratings photosensitive with metallic salt, (NH4)2CrO7 at different hydrolysis concentrations of PVA (poly vinyl alcohol).The holographic gratings were recorded in real time, observing interesting changes in their diffraction efficiency, as a function of the hydrolysis variation of PVA.
Preliminary results, of holographic diffraction gratings recording are shown, which the polyvinyl alcohol mixed with a photosensitive agent salt (NH4)2CrO7, and with an adequate quantity of pineapple juice, and synthetic dye. Dye as an element to increment the absorbance profile of the photosensitive material at emission line of 445nm. The diffraction gratings were recorded using laser diode at a wavelength of 445 nm.
We present a theoretical study of diffraction gratings with twin grooves, that is, each period of the gratings corresponds to two grooves. By which it can be used to form amplitude and phase diffraction elements. The diffraction patterns of these elements are particularly interesting, due to the behavior of the diffracted orders, as well as the particularities of the envelope and its diffraction efficiency.
Comparative analysis between gratings registered in cupric chloride and cupric chloride films, with synthetic dye is presented. Preliminary results of recorded holographic diffraction gratings are shown, in which the polyvinyl alcohol mixed with a photosensitizing agent, cupric chloride and synthetic dye. The gratings were recorded using laser diode at a wavelength of 445 nm. Experimental results of gratings registered with cupric chloride and synthetic dye showed higher diffraction efficiency than those registered in cupric chloride.
A theoretical study of gratings with radial symmetry and variable periods with sinusoidal profile, modulated for amplitude are shown. The behavior of the diffraction pattern and their symmetry degree of gratings were observed. Grating period can be modulated by external factor as spatial orientation effects per propagation, as inclination perspective of image projections that can produce local modified periods; this modulation kind causes changes in the diffracted pattern orders.
Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) is used as a polymeric matrix in different mixtures, which are employed to make of holographic, recording films. In this research, three grades of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) namely fully hydrolyzed and partially hydrolyzed and technical where studied with the aim of determining the influence of PVA degree of hydrolysis on the diffraction efficiency. Therefore, we show preliminary results of holographic diffraction gratings recorded in films were made with PVA and Iron (III) Chloride.
We show preliminary results of holographic diffraction gratings recorded in an emulsion composed of cupric chloride, PVA, and dye extracted from natural pigments of a succulent cactus. We measure the intensity of light diffracted to first order, the curve of the energy of exposure is shown.
Nopal mucilage potentially has certain properties required for the preparation biofilms which can be used as holographic replication recording medium. In this study, mucilage from nopal was extracted and characterized by its ability to form films under different concentration with polyvinyl alcohol. The transmission holographic diffraction gratings (master) were replicated into nopal films. The results showed good diffraction efficiencies. Mucilage from nopal could represent a good option for the development of films to replication holographic, owing to; its low cost and its compatibility with the environmental.
A theoretical study with sinusoidal amplitude diffraction gratings, elaborated with variable periods is shown. The diffraction pattern behavior and the symmetry degree of the gratings were observed. The grating period is increased, fringe to fringe, starting with a small period and ending with a big period that is; the grating edge, start with high spatial frequency and finish with low spatial frequency. This gratings modulation causes a widening in the diffracted orders.
The variation of diffraction efficiency as function of temperature of holographic gratings into polyvinyl acetate
(adhesive) is presented, this material exhibits excellent properties such as transparency, consistency and easy to handle.
The diffraction holographic grating master is copied into polyvinyl acetate film by direct contact and subsequent
exposed at different temperature. The measurements of the diffraction efficiency have been determined by the ratio of
the power of the diffracted light beam to the incident power of the beam.
Study of diffraction gratings through holographic cells, which correspond to micro circular zones, encoded with amplitude sinusoidal gratings. The random distribution of cells on the surface of hologram and its orientation of gratings per cell, produce in the diffracted orders a random distribution. We made a study of the behavior of the random modulation of diffracted orders, as a function of the orientation of code grating per cell.
We present the preliminary results of diffraction gratings, which are made by holographic techniques with NOA65 adhesive as polymer matrix and neon purple food colors photosensitized. Gratings are recorded by diode laser ( λ = 445nm), the resulting intensity vs. exposure time curves are shown. The recorded gratings have a mixed behavior the face and the amplitude and itself-developing.
We present a theoretical study of amplitude diffraction gratings using computer simulating, which consists of a random sampling of points on the image grating to determine the points to be plotted and the points to remove, to simulate erosion in amplitude on the grating. We show their behavior in the diffraction patterns and the induced noise by limiting the number of points that representing the image of the eroded gratings and their symmetry.
Nowadays, there are many types of holographic recording medium some of them are photopolymer systems that generally consist of a polymeric host matrix, photopolymerizable momomer, photosensitizing dye and charge transfer agent but some of them have an undesirable feature, the toxicity of their components. Therefore, the present research study material recording, vinyl acetate is selected as polymeric matrix and natural dye from “muicle plant” is used as the photoinitiation these components are not toxic. The films are fabricated using gravity settling method at room temperature by this method, uniform films is obtained with good optical quality. To characterize the medium, been obtained when the coherent reed light (632.8 nm) was sent normally to the grating.
We present preliminary results on diffraction gratings made with holographic techniques using dichromated gelatin (DCG) matrix with edible dyes, the purple red, Layar® and blue Sabofrut®. The gratings were recorded with a laser diode, λ = 530nm. Curves show diffracted intensity vs exposure time. The recorded gratings show different diffraction efficiencies of gratings prepared with DCG, purple red + DCG, and blue+ DCG. We observed high diffraction efficiency with purple red. All exposure conditions and reconstruction were therefor for all gratings with the same concentration of dichromate for each one of the photosensitive emulsions prepared.
Holographic gratings recorded in photoresist, are used by common techniques of lithography, for writing on glass. We present a study of the technique used to erode the glass using hydrofluoric acid and copy the holographic element on the glass. We observe that holograms written in glass are very strong and durable. The behavior of the dispersion caused by the glass erosion also is studied.
Carotenoids pigments presents in pineapple can be more than just natural dyes, which is one of the applications that now at day gives the chemical industry. In this research shown that can be used in implementing of holographic recording Films. Therefore we describe the technique how to obtain this kind of pigments trough spay drying of natural pineapple juice, which are then dissolved with water in a proportion of 0.1g to 1mL. The obtained sample is poured into glass substrates using the gravity method, after a drying of 24 hours in laboratory normal conditions the films are ready. The films are characterized by recording transmission holographic gratings (LSR 445 NL 445 nm) and measuring the diffraction efficiency holographic parameter. This recording material has good diffraction efficiency and environmental stability.
Numerical results are presented from the behavior of diffraction gratings through micro-holographic spatially localized areas, which consist of micro-coded areas with sinusoidal profile gratings. The random distribution of the micro areas, introduces diffracted orders a random modulation, we observed a characteristic profile of randomness. This is a study of the behavior of the random distribution as a function of the micro-area form where the gratings are generated.
We describe fluorescent holograms were made with photosensitive films of albumin (protein) quail, used as modified matrices. Albumin is mixed with acrylamide and eosin Y. Therefore, prepare a photosensitive emulsion and solid hydrated with the ability to phase transmission holograms and volume (VPH). Eosin Y is a fluorescent agent that acts as a photo-sensitizing dye which stimulates the polymerization of acrylamide. To record the interference pattern produced by two waves superimposed on the modified matrix, we use a He-Cd laser. To reconstruct the diffraction pattern is observed with He- Ne laser, λ = 632.8nm, the material is self-developing properties. Measure the diffraction efficiency of the diffracted orders (η[-1, +1]) as a function of exposure energy. We work with various thicknesses and measure the variation of the refractive index using the coupled wave theory of Kogelnik, the holographic gratings meet Bragg condition.
Preparation of holographic gratings using photosensitive films pectin-H2O-oxidizing agent exposed to a He-Cd laser, wavelength of 442nm. For the photo-oxidation, we used two agents: ammonium dichromate and iron ammonium citrate. Parallel studies performed experimental variation of angles between overlapping beams that generate the interference pattern, generating different spatial frequencies in the holographic gratings. Were prepared from pectin-water-ammonium dichromate and pectin-water-ammoniacal iron citrate. Results module of the transfer function (MTF) of the materials used, to determine the diffraction efficiencies as a function of the spatial frequency (line/mm) of each holographic gratings, which were prepared with different pectin and oxidizing agents. We made an experimental analysis of the MTF, comparing each of the films with different photosensitizers applied.
In recent years, many types of polymers have been used in different recording holographic medium due their relatively
low cost and some of them are be self-developing needing no wet processing or thermal treatment. Therefore, in this
research recording materials based on Acrylamide-adhesive polymer matrix layer are prepared by gravity settling
method after time drying, the layers are characterized by recording transmission holographic gratings ( LSR 445 NL 445
nm) and measuring the first order diffraction efficiency holographic parameter. This recording material has good
diffraction efficiency and environmental stability.
Holographic diffraction gratings can measure micro movements, with a system that detects each period of the moving grating. One of the important features of this device is the grating period, which determines the measurement accuracy. The period can be on the order of fractions of micron, with high reproducibility and with an error of a quarter of period. One of the qualities of this system is its robustness; the measures are invariant to noise induced by device movements and environment thermal changes.
We present the performance characterization of photosensitive film emulsions prepared with saccharides like:
pectin, fructose and sugar (Glass ®), at certain physicochemical conditions for holographic recording. The
photo-oxidation was carried out with concentrations of iron ions, Fe+3. We analyzed the parameters of the
diffraction efficiencies of each grating constructed with saccharides film. The work was to achieve stability
and non-toxicity of the films prepared easily with water-Fe ions. We performed an experimental comparison
of the holographic films capacity between the three saccharides.
Recent researches have been reported that is possible increase the diffraction efficiency parameter from
holographic gratings when photosensitive material (PVA with ammonium dichromate) it is painted after register the
hologram with commercial fluorescent ink.
In this research we shown that PVA as a binder, with the fluorescent ink and ammonium dichromate, this mixed
can be used as recording medium. We characterize this material by implementing holographic films in which holographic
gratings are recorded with a He- Cd laser at 442nm, and measuring holographic parameters such as diffraction efficiency.
We get increased the diffraction efficiency and also the lifetime of the film.
This work presents a study of gum Arabic as holographic recording material, and to quantify the parameter of the
diffraction efficiency through holographic diffraction gratings. This material exhibits excellent properties such as
transparency, consistency, easy to handle, non toxic, non degradable. It also shows a low moisture absorption
environment, hydro-phobic behavior. It is easy to produce a homogeneous thin film layer with a smooth texture on a
glass substrate with gravity techniques. It also has adhesive properties. Also shown is a study of the pH behavior of this
matrix, related to its viscosity.
PVA (Polyvinyl acetate ) glue is one of the most common forms of adhesive on the market, which is popular because it
has an ability to adhere to many different surface, but besides in this research we shown that can be employed as
polymeric matrix and is employed for holographic recording when this is doped with ammonium dichromate.
Thin, uniform coating of this photopolymer is generated by gravity settling method. The drying time for the
photosensitive layers is approximately 24 h. Therefore, we present the experimental results obtained through diffraction
gratings were recorded using a laser of He-Cd (442 nm).Furthermore the average results of the diffraction efficiency
parameter which is quantified by their two first orders of diffraction.
The PVA glue with ammonium dichromate can be considered as versatile holographic recording media due to their good
sensitivity low cost and self -developing.
We report the characterization and analysis of photochromic films gallus gallus albumin as a matrix modified
for holographic recording. Photo-oxidation of homogeneous mixtures prepared with albumin-propylene
glycol, to combine chemically with aqueous solution of ammonium dichromate at certain concentrations. We
analyzed the diffraction gratings, through the diffraction efficiency of the proposed material. Also, eosin was
used as a fluorescent agent, so it is found that produces an inhibitory effect, thus decreasing the diffraction
efficiency of the matrices prepared in near-identical circumstances. The work was to achieve stability of
albumin films, were prepared with propylene glycol. Finally, experimental studies were performed with films
when subjected to aqueous solution of eosin (fluorescent agent) to verify the ability to increase or decrease in
diffraction efficiency.
The holographic gratings on photopolymer films are studied by different spatial frequency and thickness to determine the
evolution of diffraction efficiency during holographic recording. The experimental results are presented like a function of
energy exposure, thickness and spatial frequency. The photopolymer emulsion is prepared with potassium dichromate
and nickel (II) chloride hexahydrate in polyvinyl alcohol matrix. The maximum diffraction efficiency reached is at
spatial frequency (f2) for sample A.
Cactus nopal dye is introduced into a polyvinyl alcohol matrix achieving a like brown appearance thick film, such that
they can be used as a recording medium. This dye material provides excellent property as photosensitizer, i.e., easy
handling, low cost and can be used in real time holographic recording applications.
The experimental results show the diffraction efficiencies obtained by recording grating patterns induced by a
He-Cd laser (442nm). For the samples, a thick film of polyvinyl alcohol and dye from cactus nopal was deposited by the
gravity technique on a glass substrate. This mixture dries to form a photosensitive emulsion.
We propose the use of polyvinyl alcohol photosensitized with copper chloride dihydrated CuCl2(2H2O) as a photosensitive material for recording holographic gratings. We obtained different dissolutions changing concentration of photosensitive agent and varying their pH factor, refraction index, and optical density for each sample. We registered diffraction gratings by holographic methods. The behaviors of diffraction efficiency parameters of holographic gratings regarding the concentration of a photosensitive agent were analyzed. We show there exists a correspondence between the diffraction efficiency parameter with concentration change of CuCl2(2H2O). The low toxicity of this holographic recording material as well as its peculiar behavior, photosensitivity, and ability to conduct electricity, makes it attractive for production diffractive optical elements with bio-polymers.
The holographic gratings on photopolymer films are studied by three different thicknesses for samples A, B, and C. The photopolymer emulsion is prepared with potassium dichromate and nickel (II) chloride hexahydrate in polyvinyl alcohol matrix. The evolution of diffraction efficiency is evaluated during holographic recording with and without voltage as a function of energy exposure by changing the thickness. The curves of diffraction efficiency reach a peak when the films are continuously exposed to energy for a period of time. Sample B obtains the highest diffraction efficiency
Behavior study of the diffraction efficiency parameter from holographic gratings, with fluorescents inks such as benzyls.
We have been able to make holograms with substances such as fluorescence to blue laser to make transmissions
holograms using ammonium dichromate as photo-sensibilizer and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as matrix. Ammonium
dichromate inhibit the fluorescence propertied of inks, mixed in a (PVA) matrix, but we show the results of painting
hologram method with fluorescents inks and describe how the diffraction efficiency parameter changes as a function of
ink absorbed by the emulsion recorded with gratings with a He-Cd laser at 442nm and we later were painting with
fluorescent ink, interesting fluorescence characteristic to the hologram.
Basic study was realized, for the characterization of photosensitive material, a technique of angular
change between the incident beams that form the interference pattern was used. We obtaining some
graphics, where the material is related the space frequency with the energy, module transfer function
(MTF). The material that was characterized by this technique was Corn Honey. This material was
used as matrix, which was doped with potassium dichromate, as well as with halides of transition
metals, and they were exposed to wavelengths of 473 and 530 nm respectively.
The study was carried out during real time holographic gratings formation when the coating emulsions age as a function
from the time. The experiments are studied by influence of hologram parameters to get the diffraction efficiency at room
conditions through changes of electrical potential application and pH dependence on coating solutions for hologram
recording process.
Volume holography is a research topic that was generated considerably a big interest of the storage information
during the last decades. The different systems of storage holographic are principally determined by the physic and
chemical characteristics of the storage material. We use an organic conductive material based on polyvinyl alcohol
(PVA) for the volume holographic storage. We presented some electro-optics results and physic - chemicals
properties of the material used for holographic storage.
The influences in the diffraction efficiency parameter as change different variables into material and the qualitative
results of other electro-optical parameters examined.
Polymer films mixed with metals salts are a novel organic material with applications in technology process for
optical information storages. In this work we show quantitatively some optical and electrical characteristics of a
composite organic conductive as holographic material. We show a material with the optical properties that depend
of physics and chemical changes, which we register, the process and manipulate adequately parameters to obtain
better results in the diffraction efficiency.
The sugar matrix is used to record of phase holograms; it was modified with the purpose of obtaining a hydrophobic
material to improve the stability of the registered image and to stimulate the photosensitivity of the sugar. The new
material is formed by a sugar, pectin and vanillin dissolution. The diffraction efficiency parameter increases in
comparison with only the sugar matrix, obtaining already of 10%.
Experimental techniques are described to register holograms in DC-PVA doped with organic
colorants. This material has excellent resolution and behavior to increase the photo sensibility. We report
some preliminary results.
Two components of the egg as the albumen and their proteins are used for holographic recorded applying lithography
technique. This matrix was composed by albumen-glucose and by protein-glucose. The results obtained for the parameter
diffraction efficiency with our matrix albumen-glucose was it from 44.1% and for the matrix protein-glucose were two
maximums of diffraction efficiency, reached about the mixture ovoalbumin-glucose (6.2*10-1%) and avidin-glucose
(4.7*10-1%).
The photopolymers are very attractive materials for applications and as holographic storage, for theirs high
modulation and photosensitivity. We report the evolution of diffraction efficiency parameter from volume
holographic gratings recorder in PVA doped with CuCl2 (2H2O), which is the result of the physic-chemical changes
between the light and the material. The resultant variation of the grating diffraction efficiency parameter is examined.
We present a comparative analysis between the diffraction gratings efficiencies recorded on films corn honey and corn
honey whit ereoglaucine dye (Blue® No. 1). For recording the diffraction gratings in the films using the technique of
lithography pattern obtained by computer and exposure of the samples to ultraviolet radiation. Although the main reason
of the addition of dye to the honey was the one of increasing its diffraction efficiency, the experimental results
demonstrated that the gratings recorded in honey had bigger diffraction efficiency than those recorded in honey with dye.
Holographic properties of dichromated gelatin (DCG) colored with triphenyl dyes (TDCG), were
studied. We described experimental techniques for its register of these holograms. This emulsion has
excellent resolution and behavior. That increase the photo sensibility respect to conventional DCG and is
easy to use.
Characterization of the organic conductive materials is studied by voltage application during holographic gratings
formation and when the exposure time of 900 seconds was reached. The behavior of the material is analyzed by
diffracted intensity and exposure energy. Diffraction efficiency parameter of holographic gratings were studied in an
organic conductive material like dichromated poly(vinyl alcohol) films doped with nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate. The
study includes a comparative analysis between the experimental results obtained.
Experimental results to the saturation and diffraction efficiency from holographic gratings are presented in this investigation. The experiments were carried out during real time holographic gratings formation. Dichromated poly(vinyl alcohol) was doped with nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate and it is used like optical material. The influence of the hologram parameters to get the maximum diffraction efficiency is studied at room conditions. This study contributes to get more information about the behavior of this material for holographic gratings recording.
We showing some properties using materials as dichromate polyvinyl alcohol (DC-PVA), it is doped with natural colorant, it were investigated and compared to the pure dichromated polyvinyl alcohol. The material increasing the sensibility, and present a good photo sensibility Preliminary studies shows, some properties with the ability to storage information, and present a technique to
obtain holograms with these colored materials, and some experimental results. The best advantage of this DYE-DC-PVA holograms is the speed of recording.
The electro-optical changes of holographic gratings were analyzed when hologram formation was carried out in
presence of applied voltage. Diffraction efficiency parameter of holographic gratings were studied in dichromated
poly(vinyl alcohol) films and dichromated poly(vinyl alcohol) doped with nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate. The electrical
changes of the materials were analyzed as a function of surface and volume resistivity.
This work presents experimental results of intensity changes by polarization conditions at the resultant diffraction
patters. The substrate used as retarder plate was a commercial transparency film for use with plain paper copier (3M-PP2900TM).
The conductive material composition was introduce to dichromated poly(vinyl alcohol) by adding a metallic
salt as nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate. Some electro-optical characteristics of organic conductive material that are used
in the holographic gratings storage specifically when applied voltage.
Experimental techniques are described for recording holograms in dichromate gelatin doped with an organic
dye. This material has excellent resolution, and increase the photo sensibility. We present some basic studies about the
possible form of to storage information, and reported results. This material is cheap, easy of to use, and it decrease the
register time.
The sugar cane crystals (sucrose) are used as matrix to obtain computer holograms. We made a sugar solution (sugar in
water) and it is irradiated with ultraviolet light, since the maximum absorption spectra is localized at UV region, to
wavelength 200 nm. This step also corresponds to sugar photopolymer process. It is recorded applying conventional
lithography technique and measures the parameter of diffraction efficiency. With the purpose to reduce the exposition
time at UV radiation of this emulsion, we made studies with artificial organic colorant with azo components.
An artificial green colorant, composed by erioglaucine (Blue 1) and tartrazine (Yellow 5), was employed in a sugar
matrix to improve the material sensibility and to make a comparative analysis of the diffraction efficiency parameter, for
holograms replications, the holographic pattern was obtained by a computer and recorded in sugar films and in modified
sugar (sugar-colorant). Conventional lithography and UV radiation were used. The results show that the behavior
diffraction efficiency of the sugar-colorant films is slightly larger than in the sugar matrix under the same recording
conditions.
There are many polymers applications in the industry, but some polymers can be used also as material for
holographic register. Photopolymer materials with others components are promising candidates for holographic
replications. We report in this manuscript the analysis of some its electro-optical and chemical properties as;
diffraction efficiency, pH, resistivity experimental and technique to obtain holograms replication with lithographic
techniques.
Multitudes of materials were and are investigated for holographic recording. materials and processes are
advantageous because its has high exposure sensitivity, high diffraction efficiency, stability, etc.
We report a photosensitive emulsion its electro-optical and chemical properties by mixing PVA with metallic salts
and ammonium dichromate. We describe a hypothesis with respect to some mechanisms of photo and thermo
sensitivity to different characteristics in emulsions.
An organic conductor polymer was doped with benzalkonium chloride to get a photoluminescent effect at 560
nm and it was used as holographic material. We used a digital image to generate a hologram in a computer and it was
transferred by microlithography techniques to our polymer to get a phase hologram. The transference is successful by
rubbing, the heat increment produce temperature gradients and the information in the mask is transferred to the material
by the refraction index changes, thus the film is recorded. We recorded some gratings to observe the behavior of
photoluminescent light with different frequencies when it is radiated with a green laser beam at 532 nm.
The holographic properties of dichromate gelatin (DCG) doped with natural colorants, in order to change the
absorbance spectrum profile, and increasing the material sensibility, obtaining a good photo sensibility in other spectral
emission line laser as blue. We showed some basics studies referent possible mechanism to storage information with
this doping, and reported results. We show a light description technique to obtain holograms with these colored
materials, as some experimental results.
We synthesized a photoluminescent conductor polymer composed of polyvinyl alcohol, which was doped with nickel
chloride to decrease its resistivity (300 Ωcm) and benzalkonium chloride to obtain photoluminescence properties, when
it is radiated with a green laser beam (532 nm). We compared its absorbance curve and its energy emitted curve to
observe the amount energy that is taken advantage of this process. Besides we research the photoluminescence behavior
when an electric currant is applied in our conductor polymer, obtaining a modulation capacity.
We show that juice pineapple can be considering as new unconventional holographic recorded medium,
because it has good chemical and optical properties. Some structures of computers phase holograms are copied into this
material by thermo-polymerization therefore in this research we present a preliminary analysis and experimental results.
The major improvements from our material are: good diffraction efficiency, reduced cost, easily to apply on any
substrate and the hologram is making with out develop process. the nature sweetener from pineapple can be applied for
the food industry mainly in the candy industry.
We used CoCl2 as dopant with PVA, to do holograms for different concentrations and process as photo and thermo-polymerizations under environmental conditions. We present the quantitative results of the diffraction efficiency parameter from digital holograms storage, bearing in mind variable so much physical and chemical to different concentrations.
We observed that a commercial epoxy resin (Comex(R) is enable to record images by means of lithography techniques. We can generate a hologram using a digital image and a computer simulation program and transferred it on our resin by microlithography techniques to get a phase hologram and increase its efficiency. The exposition to the heat produce temperature gradients and the information in the mask is transferred to the material by the refraction index changes, thus the film is recorded. At the same time the hologram is cured.
Metallic salt MgCl2 as dopant, its concentration, and electro-chemical behaviour, as the physico-chemicals changes in the doped process; these are elements determinant to obtain a final conductive
polymer product. We present some results from properties electro-optics of the PVA doped with MgCl2, for this form will be use as conductive polymer and holographic material, we present the diffraction efficiency parameter from the gratings made with our conductor polymer material.
The study and optimization of new materials for holographic recording open new applications about these, we find the biopolymer, which offer a high response at the same way, the lactose present this characteristic, Preliminary studies shows, some properties with the ability to storage information, these can be used for holographic recording medium. In this present manuscript we made on analysis of its optical and chemical properties as: refraction index, diffraction efficiency, technique to obtain hologram and experimental replication results of computer holograms. The advantage that this material it is that does not need developed process of developed at environment conditions.
Replicated holograms with high diffraction efficiency can be generated into acrylic copolymer adhesive coating
by applying heat, the principal characteristics from this material are nontoxic, soluble-water, clear and cheap, we
show a technique to obtain holograms replication and some experimental results.
The molecular dope and his concentration can be change the conductivity of the polymer in several magnitude orders. Everything will depend on the final characteristic that ensues from the process estereochemical, from the polymer and of the chemical and physical factors that they are involved process. We present in this manuscript the evolution characterization of the resistivity parameter of a solution formed by a polymer (PVA) doping with metallic salt (FeCl3) construct a conductive polymer. We present quantitative results of the temporary evolution and behaviour of the resistivity parameters of some solution to different concentrations considering his physical and chemical properties.
Radiating doped carotenoids synthesized at INAOE by an ultraviolet beam, significant conductivity and chromatic changes are observed, being useful for several applications as would be an images recorder material of high resolution cured with UV radiation, using its transmittance modulation.
Using an array of laser microscope and a photoluminescent material, we can differentiate the upper and lower extremes of a specimen without changing the focus. It contributes a non-destructive test, which increases the perception of details at microscopic level.
In holography the development and manipulation of materials is determinant for holographic register. Inside this variety of materials there exist the photopolymers and thermopolimeros, materials that have a great potential in holography. In our work we say specifically to the polyvinyl alcohol, it has a dual behavior between photo and thermosensibility. We take advantage of these characteristics for digital holograms replications.
We present quantitative results as the diffraction efficiency in the holograms storage as quality parameter. Bearing in mind variations in the states of hydrolysis of the PVA, this form we determine the viability of the use this material for the production of holograms replications in mass.
The existent techniques to produce high number of patterns replication, is determinates with the sampling theorem from Fourier theory. Following this line with matrix array of m x m points, we propose to construct a lens with hybrid optics technology; in our case we used a sum of Fourier holograms, to obtain four or more diffracted zones than the conventional conjugate pair of Fourier hologram. These codes are engravings in the surface of the glass lens. Using polymers or by techniques of glass erosion. To obtain a hybrid system lens with a hologram incorporate as one element. This point is important because reducing and agrees more value to conventional optics lenses; the lens can be adapted to production systems for mass patterns replication, for the graphic arts industry. We showed of this proposal some preliminary results.
The thermo polymers constituting an important usable diversity of register holographic materials. These materials are studied due to the important practical applications as replications holograms, digital storage information know as holographic memories. We construct a thermopolymer applying natural organic materials, our doped polymer (PVA) it is studied with natural resin rosin, this mixture is prepared to different dopant concentrations, since this will allow to find an optimal point, getting high thermal response, which this mixture can be mainly used in holography, with this characterization from our mixture we observe the next main parameters to are: diffraction efficiency, refraction index modulation. This material does not need developed process to amplify the latent image. An important aspect of this study is that all these tests are made in environment conditions.
A new recorder material with the ability to store information by pressure and temperature parameters, computer phase holograms were obtained whit this material, which it is used a coating of polyester resin mixing with nitrocellulose. The major improvements from our material are: high diffraction efficiency (91.9 %), reduced cost, easily to apply on any substrate and the hologram is making with out develop process, and this does not need carefully controlled environment conditions. In this approach the hologram is formed under pressure and temperature.
A microlithography technique is presented to record interference patterns generated by computer in a conductor polymer film( polyvinyl alcohol doped with nickel chloride), getting phase holograms. The information in the mask is transferred to the material by temperature gradients generated by exposition to the heat. The refraction index is transformed at each material point by the temperature changes, thus the film is recorded and developed by itself. This way, new boundaries are opened between electronics and optics, for example chips in holograms.
We report new material to record holographic images in an organic polymer of sap plant (Aeonium Nobile) by conventional microlithographic techniques with ultraviolet light. The information of the mask is transferred like a polymerized regions modulation. It is a phase modulation by means of refraction index. The material is developed by itself by means of the well-known physical-chemical reaction of cured.
We do a modification of a synthetic resin which is feasible to used with holographic base film with this technique
do not required any develop process in order to obtain phase hologram.
Crystallization plymerization can be generated in the glucose with fructose when ultraviolet light it is irradiated; the crystallization polymerization opens up possibilities to the material, as matrix to record holographic images, applied conventional microlithography techniques with ultraviolet ligth. The masks with the information is transferred as a modulation of polymerized regions, where were exposed to UV light and regions without plymerization not exposed to UV light. Shows phase modulation by refraction index. Because the polymerized areas presents less density, than the nonexposed areas, changes the emulsion density can be interpreted as changes of refraction index. A developed process is not required, because the material is developed itself; for a physical-chemical mechanism well-known as process cured reaction.
As conductor polymers and organic materials as Polyacetylene was first doped material, however present high sensitivity to environment, while the polyanilines present high stability in this conditions, so dimetylaniline doped in acids conditions shown good electricity conductivity material without polymerization in their structure, since can use a commercial polymer to maintain cohesion among the molecules, as the adhesive UHU, basically compound by
polyvinyl acetate. We use this adhesive blended with hydrochloric acid adding later on dimethylaniline, controlling the quantities of hydrochloric acid and dimethylaniline determining so the coloration and the resistivity of the material, presenting clear brown color to produce the acid excess, with grizzly green color correspond to dimethylaniline excess. The resistivities are of 3 to 4 KΩ to be in solution, with gel consistency their resistivity it varies the order of 58 to 100 kΩ.
Characteristics as a blue clear appearance, viscous solution, odorless are some properties from Polyvinyl alcohol (APV), as a dry film it is clear transparent, shows high flexibility and it is a good insulator. This polymer does not contain double link then it does not have π orbital that permit an inherently conductivity when it is doped. However, can be doped with salts as nickel chloride hexahydrate NiCl26H2O constructing a good conductor polymer with a resistivity around 300Ω cm. This doped polymer shows high dependency to the oxygen molecule by its molecular form or its presence in the humidity of the atmosphere. If a high vacuum is applied in a reactor with the doped polymer the value of resistivity increases quickly. The material shows a light reduction of resistivity parameter when its temperature is increased. Finally the polymer doped maintains high flexibility opening new possibilities and applications.
Dichromate gelatins are well known as good holographic materials. Now by doping this material with synthetic vanilla, a change in the spectral amplitude response is obtained. Due that the maximum absorption spectra from the dichromate ammonium is localized in UV region at λ = 390. With vanilla, the maximum spectral response is similar, exception for its optical density, reducing the exposure factor the order of 2 times. An important property with this mixture is the high resistance to humidity of the ambient. We have recorded some diffraciotn gratings, using the argon laser λ = 488 nm, which show good diffraction (grooves). A characteristic of the developed process is its simply, only using solution composed of water and isopropyl alcohol, this process takes approximately one hour.
We present a new recorder material, with the possibility to apply to record computer phase holograms, kinoforms, etc. This material is an acrylate monomer with mercapato adhesive, and can be easily to apply for any substrate with out dark room and critical conditions. Due that the absorption spectra from the acrylate monomer adhesive it is localized at UV region (lambda) = 300. We record with lithographic techniques phase grating in this material was made, showing good diffraction efficiency. An important characteristic it is that not necessary the developed process. Our case, the developed processes correspond only the cured polymers process. These properties are attractive due that open the possibility to control the phase material with only to control the cured process. The phase modulation of this material is due by refraction index.
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