We introduce reflective mirror-based line-scan adaptive optics line-scan OCT, optimized for imaging light-induced retinal activity (optoretinography) and weak retinal reflections at the cellular scale. The performance was exemplified by cellular-scale visualization of retinal ganglion cells, macrophages, foveal cones, and rods in human observers. Light-evoked optical changes in foveal cones were observable at an eccentricity 0.3 deg. from the foveal center, enabling the first in vivo demonstration of reduced S-cone (short-wavelength cone) density in the human foveola. Given the challenges typically associated with optical accessibility in the living human fovea, this instrument holds significant promise for basic and translational applications.
We introduce an anamorphic detection paradigm to optimize spatial and spectral resolution in adaptive optics line-scan OCT, wherein an improved light collection efficiency and signal roll-off compared to traditional methods was demonstrated. The benefits for in vivo imaging were exemplified by retrieving nanometer-scale light-induced optical path length dynamics at high speed in individual cones. The high speed, sensitivity and cellular-scale resolution of the resulting adaptive optics line-scan OCT instrument offers a robust and sensitive biomarker for retinal function in health and disease.
We developed a high-speed adaptive optics, line-scan spectral domain OCT and used it to characterize stimulus-induced optical path length changes in cones with high spatiotemporal resolution. We find that individual cone outer segments exhibit a biphasic light-induced response—a rapid axial shrinkage followed by a gradual increase in optical path length, both increasing in magnitude with the stimulus intensity. AO line-scan OCT thus offers high-speed volume acquisitions, high phase stability, sub-ms temporal resolution and cellular-scale spatial resolution, that together enable imaging retinal structure and function in health and disease.
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