Air pollution in Poland is a severe threat to public health and it was proven to be the main source of many lethal diseases. Across Europe, air quality in Poland is one of the worst. Thus, there is a strong demand for air quality monitoring in Poland in order to raise public awareness and to develop policies that will mitigate this huge problem. The main objective of the research was to verify measurement of the Sentinel-5 Precursor (Sentinel-5P, S-5P) satellite product - tropospheric NO2 column number density - generated by the European Space Agency (ESA) to support air pollution monitoring in Poland. In this respect, the products were validated against in-situ measurements provided by the The Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection (GIOS). Furthermore, there were performed analyses about cloudy to verify what are the limitations of the Sentinel-5P NO2 product. There were carried out analyses for each month in the period July-December 2018. In-situ data from 117 ground stations were used. The results of S-5P were compared with the data from all ground stations and according to area types (urban, suburban, villages and no build-up areas). The study proved a Pearson correlation coefficient of the Sentinel-5P product with the in-situ measurement as follows: S-5P vs. all station R=0.55, S-5P vs. urban station R=0.55, S-5P vs. suburban station R=0.63, S-5P vs. village and no build-up areas R=0.55. C.a. 90-100 cloudless pixels were available for each area in the analysed period. Image was usually performed twice a day, so there were 45-50 cloudless days. The fewest images were available in December (2-4 images) and July (11-12 images). Most in August, c.a. 25 images. Moreover, there was recognised the spatial distribution of NO2 in Poland. The study revealed, NO2 level was the highest in the Warsaw and its suburbs, in the area of Lodz and its suburbs, Upper Silesia Metropolis, and Cracow. Relatively higher NO2 emissions were noticed in Wroclaw and Opole. The lowest level of NO2 was revealed in the north of Poland – in Pomerania also Warmia and Masuria.
The results of application of microwave and optical satellite data for soil moisture (SM) assessment are presented. The research has been carried out from 2015 to 2016 at Biebrza Wetlands test site located in North-East Poland, designated by Ramsar Convention as Wetlands of International Importance. A regression models based on Sentinel-1 backscattering coefficients (σ°) have been developed to generate the soil moisture (SM) maps over Biebrza Wetlands. The optical data from Sentinel-2 have been used for the classification of wetlands vegetation habitats to improve SM predictions. The wetland vegetation differed, there were reeds, sedge-moss, sedges, grass-herbs, and grass. The majority of the changes occurred in moist habitats, while anthropogenic appeared more stable during study period. The observed changes were referred to moving/grazing changes and weather effects causing droughts/floods. SM differed from 30% during the drought season in 2015 to 95% in the wet season in 2016. It has been examined the impact of biomass and SM on microwave signal under changing soil moisture and vegetation growth conditions. Vegetation biomass has been characterized by measured in-situ LAI and by vegetation indices calculated from Sentinel-2, Terra MODIS data. The impact of SM and LAI on σ° calculated from Sentinel-1 data showed that LAI dominates the influence on σ° when SM is low. The analysis have been done to estimate the threshold of the SM values which dominate the backscatter. This study demonstrates the capability of Sentinel-1/2 data to estimate SM, offering an important advantage for wetlands monitoring.
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