This work aims to present the first results towards a mid-infrared (L-band : 3.4 μm - 4.1 μm) high resolution integrated spectrometer, based on the Gabor approach of SWIFTS (Stationary Wave Integrated Fourier Transform Spectrometer). In this configuration, a stationary wave is obtained by injecting the light from the source on both sides of a channel waveguide. The centre of the coherent interferogram is obtained in the middle of the waveguide, allowing for full characterisation of the source, and all differential dispersion effects between the two optical paths. The stationary wave is sampled by nano-scattering centres (= nanogrooves) placed on top of the waveguide. They extract the interferogram, and the spectrum of the source is retrieved through a Fourier Transform. In the mid-infrared, the detection area of the detectors is buried : using only one groove per scattering centre leads to a diffracted signal too wide and causes pixel crosstalk. Several grooves per scattering centres have therefore been implemented, as this configuration creates a small diffraction grating, and reduces the angular divergence of the flux. In addition to avoiding crosstalk, this allows to extract more flux per scattering centre, thus increasing the signal to noise ratio. Our samples are made in Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3), an electro-optic crystal, using two technologies. First, Direct Laser Writing for both the waveguides and the nanogrooves, and secondly Titane diffusion for the waveguides and Focused Ion Beam for the nanogrooves. Because of the electrooptic properties of Lithium Niobate, applying an electric field ramp modulation will change the refractive index of the material, allowing to finely scan the fringe packet under the sampling centres, thus increasing the sampling rate of the interferogram by temporal multiplexing. We demonstrate that our waveguides are fully functional and have a correct transmission rate, and that our antennas are extracting the stationary wave as expected, in both technologies.
This work aims to present a new miniature spectrometer in the mid InfraRed (L Band), using the SWIFTS (Stationary Wave Integrated Fourier Transform Spectrometer) technology. A stationary wave obtained by injecting light on both sides of a channel waveguide (Gabor configuration) is sampled using nano-scattering centres (grooves) on the surface of the waveguide. A single groove per scattering centre will radiate the sampled signal with wide angular distribution, which is not compatible with the buried detection area of infrared detectors, resulting in crosstalk between pixels. An implementation of multiple grooves (antenna) for each sampling centre is proposed as a solution to improve directivity towards the detector pixel by narrowing the scattering angle of the extracted light. Here, the results are obtained using a Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3) substrate, as its electro-optic properties allow for an active modulation of the phase, and the technology explored for its fabrication is Direct Laser Writing, that allows to have buried 3D waveguides and nanogrooves. In order to integrate the detector in the device, different configurations are explored so as to obtain a robust and high-resolution device useful mainly for astronomical applications such as spectro-interferometry.
Direct laser writing is a powerful technique for the development of astrophotonic devices, namely by allowing 3D structuring of waveguides and avoiding in-plane crossings that can induce losses and crosstalk in multi-telescope beam combiners. In this work, a multiplexed device is proposed in order to increase the spectral bandwidth to hundreds of nm, for a central wavelength of 1580nm. Our device is fabricated by ultrafast laser inscription of type I waveguides in bulk IR-grade fused silica glass. A first part of the study was devoted to finding the optical fabrication parameters in terms of depth, speed and number of tracks needed to achieve an optimal waveguide, single mode in the near IR. A second part was focused to the fabrication of different optical lanterns, from one multimode input to several (4 or 16) single mode outputs. The optical chip consists of a multimode input slit-waveguide, that adiabatically converts into an aligned matrix of 4 or 16 single-mode channel waveguides, with a pitch corresponding to the detector pixel size. Two separations (20 μm and 64 μm) were studied, in order to avoid crosstalk between parallel waveguides (directional coupling) and from extracted flux into the detector (pixel crosstalk). A final part is dedicated to the spectrometer realization, based on the sampling of a stationary wave inside the waveguide.
A buried depressed-index channel waveguide with a circular cladding and a core diameter of 40 μm is fabricated in a bulk monoclinic 3 at.% Tm:KLu(WO4)2 crystal by femtosecond direct laser writing. In the continuous-wave regime, the Tm waveguide laser generates ∼210 mW at 1849.6 nm with a slope efficiency η of 40.8%. Passively Q-switched operation is achieved by inserting transmission-type 2D saturable absorbers (SAs) based on few-layer graphene and MoS2. Using the graphene-SA, a maximum average output power of ∼25 mW is generated at 1844.8 nm. The pulse characteristics (duration/energy) are 88 ns/18 nJ at a repetition rate of 1.39 MHz.
Direct laser writing is a powerful technique for the development of astrophotonic devices, namely by allowing 3D structuring of waveguides and structures. One of the main interests is the possibility to avoid in-plane crossings of waveguides that can induce losses and crosstalk in future multi-telescope beam combiners. We will present our results in 3D three telescope beam combiners in the near infrared, that allow for phase closure studies. Besides, laser writing can be used to inscribe a grating over long distances along the waveguide direction. This can be used as an on-chip diffraction grating or as a way to sample a stationary wave that can be obtained in the waveguide. Thus, integrated optics spectrometers based on the SWIFTS concept (stationary wave integrated Fourier transform spectrometer) have been realized and characterized in the near and mid infrared using commercial chalcogenide glasses. Finally, we will also present our results on laser writing on electro-optic materials, that allow to obtain waveguides and beam combiners that can be phase-modulated using electrodes. We have focused our work on two well-known materials: Lithium Niobate, that allows for TM waveguides and has a high electro-optical coefficient, and BGO, that has a lower coefficient, but presents the advantage of being isotropic, guiding both TE and TM polarizations identically.
We report on dual-line waveguides fabricated by direct femtosecond laser writing in Cu:KNSBN crystal. Two different sizes have been designed with the separation between lines of 20 and 30 μm, respectively. The detailed structure of the dual-line waveguide has been imaged by means of micro-Raman analysis, indicating that the microstructure of the Cu:KNSBN crystal has no significant change after direct femtosecond laser writing. The dual-line waveguides support single-mode guidance along both transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarization at the wavelengths of 632.8 and 1064 nm, and show insensitivity to polarization of light. We suggest the potential application of the laser-written Cu:KNSBN waveguides as new integrated optical devices.
The dielectric crystals are important media for diverse optical applications due to their astonishing properties. Miniature photonic devices based on waveguiding structures have been incorporated in broad range of photonic devices that benefit from the excellent properties of crystals. We summarize our recent progress of research on the design and implementation of three-dimensional (3D) waveguiding structures in dielectric crystals by femtosecond laser inscription. With the engineering of the localized material modifications induced by femtosecond laser pulses, structures with on-demand geometries could be manufactured in dielectric crystals. The 3D photonic devices are designed and produced and the functions based on these 3D devices for beam splitting and waveguiding lasing are realized.
Through a novel micro-processing mechanism in birefringent crystals proposed in this work, a coupler containing twin depressed cladding waveguides have been achieved in Nd:GdVO4 laser crystals. By employing single-scan of femtosecond laser writing, twin tracks with different depths separated by a distance of 70μm were produced due to the birefringence of Nd:GdVO4 crystal. The adjacent 30μm-diameter cladding waveguides, which consist of a 2×2 coupler with a separation of 70μm in a 4-mm-long crystal sample, were inscribed simultaneously. The ratio of output power division from both waveguides was approximately 10.5:1 at 633nm. Continuous-wave lasing was realized in the waveguide coupler platform under the direct optical pump at 808nm. This work indicates a great potential for femtosecond laser inscribed symmetry structures such as waveguide couplers in birefringent crystals based on the proposed micro-processing mechanism.
We report on Y-branch superficial depressed-cladding waveguides fabricated by femtosecond laser writing of MgO:LiTaO3 crystal. The cladding waveguides with a rectangular cross-section are single mode for both transverse electric and transverse magnetic polarization, and show good transmission properties at a telecommunication wavelength of 1.55 μm. Divergence angles as large as 2.6 deg are successfully achieved in the splitters with nearly equalized splitting ratios (1:1). The fabricated shallow structures are excellent photonic elements for optoelectronic applications.
We report on the channel waveguide lasers at 1085 nm in femtosecond laser written Type II waveguides in an Nd:MgO:LiNbO3 crystal. The waveguide was constructed in a typical dual-line approach. In the geometry, we found that four vicinal regions of the track pair could guide light propagation. In addition, these guiding cores support polarization-dependent-guided modes. The propagation losses of the waveguides were measured to be as low as 1 dB/cm. Under an optical pump at 808 nm, the continuous-wave waveguide lasing at 1085 nm was generated, reaching a slope efficiency of 27% and maximum output power of 8 mW. The lasing threshold was 71 mW. Our results show that with the femtosecond laser written Nd:MgO:LiNbO3 waveguide as the miniature light source, it was possible to construct all-LiNbO3-based integrated devices for diverse photonic applications.
We report on waveguide lasers at 1064.5 nm in femtosecond laser-written double-cladding waveguides in Nd:GdVO4 crystals. The cladding waveguides guide both transverse electric (TE)- and transverse magnetic (TM)-polarized modes with considerably symmetric single-modal profiles and show good transmission properties (propagation loss as low as 1.0 dB/cm). The detailed structure of the single and double claddings has been imaged by means of μ-Raman analysis, and the observed slight fabrication asymmetries with respect to an ideal circular cladding are in well agreement with the observed differences in TE/TM propagation losses. Importantly, the Raman imaging shows the complete absence of lattice defect at the laser active volume. Under the optical pumping at 808 nm, a maximum output power up to 0.43 W of the continuous wave waveguide laser with a slope efficiency of 52.3% has been achieved in the double-cladding waveguide, which is 21.6% and 23% higher than that from a single-inner cladding waveguide. Furthermore, the maximum output power of the waveguide laser is 72% higher than that of the double-line waveguide due to the double-cladding design.
We report on waveguide lasers at 1064.5 nm in femtosecond laser written double cladding waveguides in Nd:GdVO4 crystals. The core waveguide guides both TE and TM polarized modes with considerably symmetric single modal profiles, and show good transmission property (propagation loss as low as 1.0 dB/cm). Under the optical pumping at 808 nm, maximum output power up to 0.43 W of the continuous wave waveguide laser with a slope efficiency of 52.3% have been achieved, which is 21.6% and 23% higher than those of the laser generated from single depressed cladding waveguide, respectively. Furthermore, the maximum output power of the waveguide laser is 72% higher than that of the double-line waveguide.
We demonstrate the utilization of Dammann lenses encoded onto a spatial light modulator (SLM) for triggering nonlinear effects. For continuous illumination Dammann lenses generate a multifocal pattern characterized by a set of N foci diffraction orders, all with the same intensity. We theoretically show that for pulses shorter than 100 femtosecond (fs) the effects of chromatic aberrations influence the uniformity of the generated pattern. Multifocal second harmonic generation (SHG) and on-axis multiple filamentation are produced and actively controlled in β-BaB2O4 (BBO) and fused silica samples, respectively, with an amplified Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser (30 fs at FWHM). Our proposal allows us to dynamically control both the quantity of foci and the distance among them. The output diffraction pattern is in good agreement with theoretical calculations. The measured spectra at the rear face of the supercontinuum sample for different separation among foci are also provided. The potential of this technique is very promising in different fields of nonlinear optics or in applications of in-depth materials microprocessing.
We demonstrate here that it is possible to fabricate 1D and 2D diffraction gratings on the (001) surface of RbTiOPO4
(RTP) and KTiOPO4 (KTP) single crystals. We analyzed the linear and nonlinear optical properties of 1D and 2D
nonlinear photonic crystals. We show enhanced second harmonics when the samples were illuminated with a pulsed
Nd:YAG laser, when compared to non-structured surface of the same materials and mainly there exists an asymmetry on
the diffraction patterns of the second harmonic generated light, showing higher intensity in diffraction orders different to
the zero order in the reflection configuration.
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