We develop and characterize transgenic mouse models expressing ReaChR or NpHR specifically expressed in the heart tissue. Non-invasive pacing is achieved by shining red light from an LED array over a 10 mm diameter spot on the shaved mouse chest skin. We demonstrated that low power density (~1.2 mW/mm2) illumination is sufficient to induce tachycardia, bradycardia, and sustained arrhythmia, providing full control over the heart rhythm in live, anesthetized mice. This in vivo optogenetic pacing platform opens opportunities for future non-invasive studies on mammalian heart physiology, diseases, and therapies for arrhythmias without any surgical intervention.
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