This paper proposed the pyramid microstructure (PYM) used on the base of the light guide as the micro-optical
components to replace the conventional diffuser dot made by direct etching on the steel stamper. The PYM is made by
MEMS technology, which uses silicon wafer as original mold of PYM and to replicate it on Ni micro-mold by using
electroforming method. The effective optical design tool is used to find the optimal distribution of the PYM, which
integrates the random microstructure generation scheme developed based on the molecular dynamics method and the
optical commercial software. The SEM images show the intact PYM can be produced on the Si micro-mold and
replicated fully on the Ni micro-mold by the electroforming process. The intact PYM on the base of the light guide can
also be produced by the injection molding showing the complete transformation of the Ni micro-mold to the light guide.
The luminance measurement of a 2.4 inches backlight module with 4 LEDs shows the average luminance of 4769 nit
with 86.3% uniformity for the PYM on the base of light guide, which is 10% higher than that for the diffuser dot
microstructure.
We propose a recessed pyramid microstructure (PYM) to be used on the base of the light guide as micro-optical components to replace the conventional diffuser dot made by direct etching on the steel stamper. The PYM is made by microelectromechanical systems technology, which uses a silicon wafer for the original PYM mold, which is replicated on a Ni micromold using the electroforming method. An effective optical design tool is used to find the optimal PYM distribution integrating the random microstructure generation scheme based on the molecular dynamics method into optical commercial software. The scanning electron microscopy images show intact PYMs can be produced on the Si micromold and then replicated fully on the Ni micromold by the electroforming process. An intact PYM on the base of the light guide can then be produced by injection molding, completing the transformation of the Ni micromold for use in the light guide. The luminance measurement of a 2.4-in. backlight module with four LEDs shows an average luminance of 4769 nit with 86.3% uniformity for the PYM on the base of light guide, 10% higher than that of the diffuser dot microstructure.
We propose a molecular dynamics method dot generation scheme incorporating the periodic boundary and fixed-cell boundary geometrical conditions to generate random dot distribution on the order of several million dots for use in the base of a thin light guide. In addition, the generation scheme can be used to easily adjust the dot density at any local region from illuminance causing feedback in the optical design phase. Based on the incorporation of these two geometrical conditions, the generation of the random dots for the whole LED light guide can be simplified to just three subdomains, one domain represented by the periodic boundary condition, and the other two domains represented by the fixed-cell boundary condition. Employing these conditions significantly shortens the computational time necessary to obtain optimal random dot distribution and subsequent optical optimization on a PC using optical commercial software.
This study proposes a generation scheme for the light guide of the edge-lit backlight using a microstructure with a
pattern combining variable aspect ratio and a variable microstructure orientation, based on the molecular dynamics
method of a generalized force model. This generation scheme is necessary to accommodate the need for the subsequent
optical design phase, and allows for easier optical optimization for the microstructure distribution in order to reach the
equal luminance condition. These needs are met by the cell division, which allows the adjustment of the microstructure
density in each sub-domain, or cell. The boundary treatments allow the precise control of the microstructure density in
each cell and the ability to smooth the microstructure distribution across the cell boundary. Finally, the performance of
this generation scheme, as well as a practical example combining this scheme with the optical design, is shown and
discussed.
This paper presents a molecular dynamics (MD) scheme for the automatic generation of dot patterns for the light guides
used in LCD backlight modules. Several MD computational techniques are integrated with the conventional MD scheme
to enable the adjustment of the dot density in specific regions of the light guide in order to create a dot distribution with a
high dot density variation and a high spatial uniformity. These techniques include the cell division technique, the
variable r-cut technique, the boundary smoothing technique and the reflective boundary condition. The reflective
boundary condition enables a precise control of the dot density within each cell, and is instrumental in achieving a dot
distribution with both a high dot density variation and a high spatial uniformity. The performance of the proposed dot generation scheme is verified by considering the practical example of the dot pattern design of a light guide with a single LED light source located in the lower-right corner. The numerical results confirm the ability of the proposed method to achieve an even luminance condition by establishing a dot pattern whose density increases concentrically with an increasing distance from the light source.
This paper employs a regional partition approach to establish the optimal distribution of the diffuser dots in the light guide of an edge-lit backlight. The proposed approach commences by dividing the light guide into a number of partitions and assigning an equal radius to every dot. An iterative optimization procedure is then performed in which the illuminance in each partition is calculated and the dot radius in each partition progressively adjusted until uniform luminance is obtained over the entire light-guide surface. To simplify the geometry construction process and improve the efficiency of the optimization procedure, a simple optical model is proposed for the diffuser dots and the bare surface of the light guide, and an analytical procedure is implemented to take account of the diffuser-film and brightness-enhancement-film effects. The simulation results confirm the ability of the proposed approach to accurately reflect the fine regulation of the dot radius required to obtain uniform luminance for typical light-emitting diode configurations used in practical backlight modules.
This study develops a statistical prediction model for backlight systems based on a semi-analytical and experimental approach. The prediction model features an iteration algorithm which uses experimental measurements of the luminance, luminance cone angle and luminous efficiency to generate highly accurate luminance predictions. The prediction model allows the effects of manufacturing errors or uncertainties which cause a deviation of the luminance cone angle or an uneven luminance uniformity to be accessed. The results show that achieving an even luminance cone angle, i.e. a smaller mean and standard deviation of the luminance cone angle, is essential if the backlight luminance level required to achieve a high-brightness backlight is to be enhanced. It is shown that improving the luminance uniformity of the backlight is beneficial in increasing the luminance level. However, the influence of the backlight luminance uniformity is not as great as that of the luminance cone angle. Finally, a comparison between the analytical and experimental results shows that a good agreement exists between the results of the proposed statistical model and the experimental data.
This paper demonstrates the strong enhancement of light extraction efficiency of
light-emitting diodes (LEDs) by a novel three-dimensionally arranged micro-cavity. There
are several optimal designed parameters, including chip dimensions, absorption coefficients,
the shape of the micro-cavity and package are analyzed on the basis of a Monte-Carlo ray
tracing simulation. The most important that studying includes GaN LEDs which are applied
to various applications, including traffic signals, backlight system for LCD and outdoor
illumination by white light LEDs. The functional of the three-dimensionally arranged
micro-cavity is to make the light extraction from LED with high efficiency. The shape of
micro-cavities are making like hexagon solids on the top view. The structure were
evaluated and simulated by TracePro software respectively. The light extraction efficiency
of LED can be greatly improved by three-dimensionally arranged micro-cavity. This study
shows that the micro-cavities induced on the surface rather than that inside the LED greatly
enhances the light extraction efficiency. This stipulation holds for both sapphire-based and
Thin-GaN LEDs. The results indeed identify the attributes of the LED, which make it
possible to achieve excellent luminance performance using a GaN-based approach from the
LED of "three-dimensionally arranged micro-cavity". This structure was stringent expected
to allow a high-efficiency LED, since the illumination systems needed for higher
luminance energy can be added independently of the effects.
A novel dual-cone-shaped side-emitting lens cap for High Brightness Light Emitting Diodes (HB-LEDs) is proposed for improving brightness and high uniformity of the direct LED acklight Units (BLUs) for large area LCD-TVs. Combining the designed lens cap with red, green and blue (RGB) chips on a Metal Core Printed Circuit Board (MCPCB), the LED module with the proposed cap is able to provide a compact white light source with unique features such as instant color variability and lower power usage, etc. The dual-cone-shaped of the proposed lens cap is designed to emitting most of the light rays to the sides, only a small portion of light upward along the optical axis of the lens, providing a uniform luminance distribution and the high brightness on the backlight. In addition, a small, half-circle eflective surface is designed and upon the proposed LED module about 10mm, the surfaces of which are attached with reflective films to increase the level of light mixing in the larger, global reflector optical box. With the structure of the LED module well designed, the LED backlight Module would design for the large area LCD-TV using the fewer number of LEDs and also have low power consumption. The results indeed identify the attributes of the BLU, which make it possible to achieve excellent backlight performance using a direct illumination approach from the light source of "Dual-Cone-Shaped Side-Emitting Lens Cap of LEDs".
The basic photometry quantities of a dual-panel backlight are investigated from an energy flow viewpoint. A Gaussian-like distribution of the main panel and subpanel luminances is assumed and the luminous flux, illuminance, and luminance of the two panels are solved analytically. The influence of the luminance cone angle on the photometry quantities of the main panel and the subpanel is carefully examined. Finally, an assessment of the attainability of either equal or nonequal luminance conditions of the main panel and the subpanel is presented. The results show that the upward luminance cone angles of the subpanel region and the main panel area minus the subpanel region play an important role in determining the luminous flux and illuminance in these regions. The luminance cone angles of the upward and downward directed fluxes govern the luminance difference between the main panel and the subpanel. Finally, the relationship between the luminous flux ratio and the subpanel luminance cone angle ratio suggests that a maximum luminance difference of 70% can be obtained between the main panel and the subpanel when the dual-panel backlight is designed with a symmetrical layout about the light guide.
The random dot pattern generation by the use of molecular dynamics (MD) is proposed to the light guide design used for the backlight. Several numerical techniques are developed to provide the great advantage for the combination the subsequent optical optimization for the dot density adjustment satisfy the uniformity requirement demanded by the LCD display. The cell divisions technique is proposed, which allows the dot density adjustment within each cells dividing from the light guide. In addition, the technique is developed to account for different cells to localize the repulsive force acting within the cell to achieve high dot density gradient in the dot distribution. Moreover, the average force control technique is developed to handle the uniformity of dot distribution across the cell boundary. Finally, several illustrations are included to show the validity the robustness of the proposed MD dot generation algorithm.
This paper presents a mathematical method to estimate luminous flux and luminance of single panel and dual panel light guides based on photometric calculations under various design requirements. The distribution of dot pattern or micro-prism was computed according to those estimated luminous flux on the illuminant surface. The effects of light source efficiency, angular distribution of luminance of light guide, luminous flux ratio and area ratio of main panel with sub panel on luminance of light guide are discussed. The relationship between luminous flux and luminance was derived for single panel and dual panel light guides. For single panel light guide, the result reveals that the angular distribution of luminance of light guide affects the luminance obviously. The luminance increases as the cone angle (the range of angular distribution of luminance) decreases. For dual panel light guide, the luminous flux of three different areas, two located at main panel and one located at sub panel, are the functions of angular distribution, luminous flux ratio and area ratio. The luminance of main panel and sub panel were estimated and computed from mathematical functions. The optical properties of dot pattern and micro prism or other optical objects were used to determine the luminous flux ratio and then the difference luminance between main panel and sub panel was estimated. This estimation strategy provides a fast initial design and the solution to predict the luminance of single panel and dual panel of light guide.
This paper proposes a solution strategy for the optimal design of the dot pattern located on light guide plates used to illuminate LCD displays. The proposed dot pattern optimization procedure is based on a geometrical dot area ratio parameter, which is strongly related to the physical luminance properties. Compared to conventional optimization procedures, the use of this parameter minimizes the number of dot pattern parameters which must be considered simultaneously when developing the optimal dot pattern design. The proposed design method utilizes the simple false position method to determine the optimal dot area ratio for each individual section of the light guide. Two regulation methods are then proposed to fine-tune the dot radius and the dot spacing, respectively, in an attempt to achieve uniform-luminance conditions across the complete light guide. The validity of the proposed solution strategy is confirmed through a series of simulations. Compared to other optimization procedures, the proposed solution strategy has the significant advantage of being readily implemented into existing optical commercial programs.
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