Mr. Jeff A. Chininis Profile

Jeff A. Chininis

Undergraduate Research Assistant at Univ of Missouri

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Proceedings Article | 7 March 2016 Presentation + Paper

Increased epidermal laser fluence through simultaneous ultrasonic microporation

Paul J. Whiteside, Jeff Chininis, Mason Schellenberg, Chenxi Qian, Heather Hunt

Proceedings Volume 9706, 97061E (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2211130

KEYWORDS: Tissue optics, Ultrasonics, Absorption, Optical properties, Dermatology, Laser tissue interaction, Waveguides, Optical microcavities, Planar waveguides, Transducers, Cavitation, Acoustics, Transmittance, Silver

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Lasers have demonstrated widespread applicability in clinical dermatology as minimally invasive instruments that achieve photogenerated responses within tissue. However, before reaching its target, the incident light must first transmit through the surface layer of tissue, which is interspersed with chromophores (e.g. melanin) that preferentially absorb the light and may also generate negative tissue responses. These optical absorbers decrease the efficacy of the procedures. In order to ensure that the target receives a clinically relevant dose, most procedures simply increase the incident energy; however, this tends to exacerbate the negative complications of melanin absorption. Here, we present an alternative solution aimed at increasing epidermal energy uence while mitigating excess absorption by unintended targets. Our technique involves the combination of a waveguide-based contact transmission modality with simultaneous high-frequency ultrasonic pulsation, which alters the optical properties of the tissue through the agglomeration of dissolved gasses into micro-bubbles within the tissue. Doing so effectively creates optically transparent pathways for the light to transmit unobstructed through the tissue, resulting in an increase in forward scattering and a decrease in absorption. To demonstrate this, Q-switched nanosecond-pulsed laser light at 532nm was delivered into pig skin samples using custom glass waveguides clad in titanium and silver. Light transmission through the tissue was measured with a photodiode and integrating sphere for tissue with and without continuous ultrasonic pulsation at 510 kHz. The combination of these techniques has the potential to improve the efficiency of laser procedures while mitigating negative tissue effects caused by undesirable absorption.

Proceedings Article | 29 February 2016 Paper

Metal-clad waveguide characterization for contact-based light transmission into tissue

Jeffrey Chininis, Paul Whiteside, Heather Hunt

Proceedings Volume 9689, 968915 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2211119

KEYWORDS: Tissue optics, Waveguides, Dermatology, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, Skin, Titanium, Silver, Laser optics, Photodiodes, Cladding, Tissues, Laser tissue interaction

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As contemporary laser dermatology procedures, like tattoo removal and skin resurfacing, become more popular, the complications of their operation are also becoming more prevalent. Frequent incidences of over-exposure, ocular injury, and excessive thermal damage represent mounting concerns for those seeking such procedures; moreover, each of these problems is a direct consequence of the standard, free-space method of laser transmission predominantly used in clinical settings. Therefore, an alternative method of light transmission is needed to minimize these problems. Here, we demonstrate and characterize an alternative method that uses planar waveguides to deliver light into sample tissue via direct contact. To do this, slab substrates made from glass were clad in layers of titanium and silver, constraining the light within the waveguide along the waveguide’s length. By creating active areas on the waveguide surface, the propagating light could then optically tunnel into the tissue sample, when the waveguide was brought into contact with the tissue. SEM and EDS were used to characterize the metal film thickness and deposition rates onto the glass substrates. Laser light from a Q-switched Nd:YAG source operating at 532nm was coupled into the waveguide and transmitted into samples of pig skin. The amount of light transmitted was measured using photoacoustics techniques, in conjunction with a photodiode and integrating sphere. Transmitting light into tissue in this manner effectively resolves or circumvents the complications caused by free-space propagation methods as it reduces the operating distance to 0, which prevents hazardous back-reflections and allows for the ready incorporation of contact cooling technologies.

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