SignificanceAdaptive optics fluorescence lifetime ophthalmoscopy (AOFLIO) provides a label-free approach to observe functional and molecular changes at cellular scale in vivo. Adding multispectral capabilities improves interpretation of lifetime fluctuations due to individual fluorophores in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).AimTo quantify the cellular-scale changes in autofluorescence with age and eccentricity due to variations in lipofuscin, melanin, and melanolipofuscin in RPE using multispectral AOFLIO.ApproachAOFLIO was performed on six subjects at seven eccentricities. Four imaging channels (λex/λem) were used: 473/SSC, 473/LSC, 532/LSC, and 765/NIR. Cells were segmented and the timing signals of each pixel in a cell were combined into a single histogram, which were then used to compute the lifetime and phasor parameters. An ANOVA was performed to investigate eccentricity and spectral effects on each parameter.ResultsA repeatability analysis revealed <11.8% change in lifetime parameters in repeat visits for 532/LSC. The 765/NIR and 532/LSC had eccentricity and age effects similar to previous reports. The 473/LSC had a change in eccentricity with mean lifetime and a phasor component. Both the 473/LSC and 473/SSC had changes in eccentricity in the short lifetime component and its relative contribution. The 473/SSC had no trend in eccentricity in phasor. The comparison across the four channels showed differences in lifetime and phasor parameters.ConclusionsMultispectral AOFLIO can provide a more comprehensive picture of changes with age and eccentricity. These results indicate that cell segmentation has the potential to allow investigations in low-photon scenarios such as in older or diseased subjects with the co-capture of an NIR channel (such as 765/NIR) with the desired spectral channel. This work represents the first multispectral, cellular-scale fluorescence lifetime comparison in vivo in the human RPE and may be a useful method for tracking diseases.
Education in Ontario is undergoing a period of rapid change and we have been successful in providing support to local and provincial educators teaching grades 6 through 12. The Southwestern Ontario Section of the Optical Society of America is a local section of the parent organisation, whose members come from industry and academia. Ours is the second section established in Canada and we recruit both student and professional members with an interest in optics and photonics. The Optical Society of America encourages local sections to include educational outreach in their activities. We are undertaking a multi-faceted effort to accomplish this.
As one of the most relied upon senses, an understanding of the visual system is essential. There are two focussing lenses, the cornea and the crystalline lens, contributing approximately 40D and 20D, respectively, to the total power of the eye. The anterior surface of the cornea is shaped like a prolate ellipsoid (Kiely et al, 1982).
Observations of RPE disruption and autofluorescence (AF) photobleaching at light levels below the ANSI photochemical maximum permissible exposure (MPE) (Morgan et al., 2008) indicates a demand to modify future light safety standards to protect the retina from harm. To establish safe light exposures, we measured the visible light action spectrum for RPE disruption in an in vivo monkey model with fluorescence adaptive optics retinal imaging. Using this high resolution imaging modality can provide insight into the consequences of light on a cellular level and allow for longitudinal monitoring of retinal changes. The threshold retinal radiant exposures (RRE) for RPE disruption were determined for 4 wavelengths (460, 488, 544, and 594 nm). The anaesthetized macaque retina was exposed to a uniform 0.5° × 0.5° field of view (FOV). Imaging within a 2° × 2° FOV was performed before, immediately after and at 2 week intervals for 10 weeks. At each wavelength, multiple RREs were tested with 4 repetitions each to determine the threshold for RPE disruption. For qualitative analysis, RPE disruption is defined as any detectable change from the pre exposure condition in the cell mosaic in the exposed region relative to the corresponding mosaic in the immediately surrounding area. We have tested several metrics to evaluate the RPE images obtained before and after exposure. The measured action spectrum for photochemical RPE disruption has a shallower slope than the current ANSI photochemical MPE for the same conditions and suggests that longer wavelength light is more hazardous than other measurements would suggest.
We previously developed a Mueller matrix formalism to improve confocal imaging in microscopes and ophthalmoscopes. Here we describe a procedure simplified by firstly introducing a generator of polarization states in the illumination pathway of a confocal scanning laser microscope and secondly computing just four elements of the Mueller matrix of any sample and instrument combination. Using a subset of Mueller matrix elements, the best images are reconstructed. The method was tested for samples with differing properties (specular, diffuse and partially depolarizing). Images were also studied of features at the rear of the eye. The best images obtained with this technique were compared to the original images and those obtained from frame averaging. Images corresponding to non-polarized incident light were also computed. For all cases, the best reconstructed images were of better quality than both the original and frame-averaged images. The best reconstructed images also showed an improvement compared with the images corresponding to non polarized light. This methodology will have broad application in biomedical imaging.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.