Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an optical method for noninvasively determining brain activation by estimating changes in the absorption of near-infrared light. Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) extends fNIRS by applying overlapping “high density” measurements, and thus providing a three-dimensional imaging with an improved spatial resolution. Reconstructing brain activation images with DOT requires solving an underdetermined inverse problem with far more unknowns in the volume than in the surface measurements. All methods of solving this type of inverse problem rely on regularization and the choice of corresponding regularization or convergence criteria. While several regularization methods are available, it is unclear how well suited they are for cerebral functional DOT in a semi-infinite geometry. Furthermore, the regularization parameter is often chosen without an independent evaluation, and it may be tempting to choose the solution that matches a hypothesis and rejects the other. In this simulation study, we start out by demonstrating how the quality of cerebral DOT reconstructions is altered with the choice of the regularization parameter for different methods. To independently select the regularization parameter, we propose a cross-validation procedure which achieves a reconstruction quality close to the optimum. Additionally, we compare the outcome of seven different image reconstruction methods for cerebral functional DOT. The methods selected include reconstruction procedures that are already widely used for cerebral DOT [minimum ℓ2-norm estimate (ℓ2MNE) and truncated singular value decomposition], recently proposed sparse reconstruction algorithms [minimum ℓ1- and a smooth minimum ℓ0-norm estimate (ℓ1MNE, ℓ0MNE, respectively)] and a depth- and noise-weighted minimum norm (wMNE). Furthermore, we expand the range of algorithms for DOT by adapting two EEG-source localization algorithms [sparse basis field expansions and linearly constrained minimum variance (LCMV) beamforming]. Independent of the applied noise level, we find that the LCMV beamformer is best for single spot activations with perfect location and focality of the results, whereas the minimum ℓ1-norm estimate succeeds with multiple targets.
Mirror therapy is a therapy to treat patients with pain syndromes or hemiparesis after stroke. However, the underlying neurophysiologic mechanisms are not clearly understood. In order to determine the effect of a mirror-like illusion (MIR) on brain activity using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, 20 healthy right-handed subjects were examined. A MIR was induced by a digital horizontal inversion of the subjects’ filmed hand. Optodes were placed on the primary motor cortex (M1) and the occipito-parietal cortex (precuneus, PC). Regions of interest (ROI) were defined a priori based on previous results of similar studies and confirmed by the analysis of effect sizes. Analysis of variance of the ROI signal revealed a dissociated pattern: at the PC, the MIR caused a significant inversion of a hemispheric lateralization opposite to the perceived hand, independent of the moving hand. In contrast, activity in M1 showed lateralization opposite to the moving hand, but revealed no mirror effect. These findings extend our understanding on interhemispheric rivalry and indicate that a MIR is integrated into visuomotor coordination similar to normal view, irrespective of the hand that is actually performing the task.
KEYWORDS: Brain, Luminescence, Indocyanine green, In vivo imaging, Tissues, Neuroimaging, Biomedical optics, Fluorescence spectroscopy, Picosecond phenomena, Signal to noise ratio
Non-invasive detection of fluorescence from the optical tracer indocyanine green is feasible in the adult human brain when employing a time-domain technique with picosecond resolution. A fluorescence-based assessment may offer higher signal-to-noise ratio when compared to bolus tracking relying on changes in time-resolved diffuse reflectance. The essential challenge is to discriminate the fluorescence originating from the brain from contamination by extracerebral fluorescence and hence to reconstruct the bolus kinetics; however, a method to reliably perform the necessary separation is missing. We present a novel approach for the decomposition of the fluorescence contributions from the two tissue compartments. The corresponding sensitivity functions pertaining to the brain and to the extracerebral compartment are directly derived from the in-vivo measurement. This is achieved by assuming that during the initial and the late phase of bolus transit the fluorescence signal originates largely from one of the compartments. Solving the system of linear equations allows one to approximate time courses of a bolus for each compartment. We applied this method to repetitive measurements on two healthy subjects with an overall 34 boluses. A reconstruction of the bolus kinetics was possible in 62% of all cases.
Regular monitoring of brain perfusion at the bedside in neurointensive care is desirable. Currently used imaging
modalities are not suited for constant monitoring and often require a transport of the patient. Noninvasive near infrared
spectroscopy (NIRS) in combination with an injection of a safe dye (indocyanine green, ICG) could serve as a quasi-continuous
brain perfusion monitor. In this work, we evaluate prerequisites for the development of a brain perfusion
monitor using continuous wave (cw) NIRS technique. We present results from a high-resolution diffuse optical
tomography (HR-DOT) experiment in humans demonstrating the separation of signals from skin from the brain. This
technique can help to monitor neurointensive care patients on a regular basis, detecting changes in cortical perfusion in
time.
Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and diffuse optical tomography (DOT) of the brain reveal no information about the
measurement's underlying anatomical structures. An independent anatomical mapping of DOT results onto the subject's
brain or a generic brain model is desirable, especially when regions prone to large inter-subject variability are studied.
We show two methods to match DOT data from high density fiber grids to anatomical structures. The forward model that
is used to predict the light propagation is based on one generic anatomical MR scan. In both approaches we use this
model MR-scan to translocate the position of the optical fiber grid from our experimental setup to the FEM model space.
The first method, using fiduciary marks, achieves the spatial normalization of the subject's MR-scan (with marked
corners of the fiber grid) and the model's MR scan, leading to a translocation of the fiber pad position to the FEM-Model
space. The second, anatomic landmark based, approach does not require the individual's MR scan. For this, 19 reference
points and the position of the fiber pad corners are determined using photogrammetry software. These coordinates are
translocated to the FEM model space by solving the least square problem of the subject's and the model's reference
points. We illustrate and compare both methods and show results from a vibrotactile stimulation experiment in humans.
We present results of a clinical study on bedside perfusion monitoring of the human brain by optical bolus tracking. We measure the kinetics of the contrast agent indocyanine green using time-domain near-IR spectroscopy (tdNIRS) in 10 patients suffering from acute unilateral ischemic stroke. In all patients, a delay of the bolus over the affected when compared to the unaffected hemisphere is found (mean: 1.5 s, range: 0.2 s to 5.2 s). A portable time-domain near-IR reflectometer is optimized and approved for clinical studies. Data analysis based on statistical moments of time-of-flight distributions of diffusely reflected photons enables high sensitivity to intracerebral changes in bolus kinetics. Since the second centralized moment, variance, is preferentially sensitive to deep absorption changes, it provides a suitable representation of the cerebral signals relevant for perfusion monitoring in stroke. We show that variance-based bolus tracking is also less susceptible to motion artifacts, which often occur in severely affected patients. We present data that clearly manifest the applicability of the tdNIRS approach to assess cerebral perfusion in acute stroke patients at the bedside. This may be of high relevance to its introduction as a monitoring tool on stroke units.
In vivo molecular fluorescence tomography of brain disease mouse models has two very specific demands on the optical setup: the use of pigmented furry mice does not allow for a purely noncontact setup, and a high spatial accuracy is required on the dorsal side of the animal due to the location of the brain. We present an optimized setup and tomographic scheme that meet these criteria through a combined CW reflectance-transmittance fiber illumination approach and a charge-coupled device contactless detection scheme. To consider the anatomy of the mouse head and take short source detector separations into account, the forward problem was evaluated by a Monte Carlo simulation input with a magnetic resonance image of the animal. We present an evaluation of reconstruction performance of the setup under three different condition. (i) Using a simulated dataset, with well-defined optical properties and low noise, the reconstructed position accuracy is below 0.5 mm. (ii) Using experimental data on a cylindrical tissue-simulating phantom with well-defined optical properties, a spatial accuracy of about 1 mm was found. (iii) Finally, on an animal model with a fluorescent inclusion in the brain, the target position was reconstructed with an accuracy of 1.6 mm.
Since a functional near-infrared spectroscopy monitor is a small and flexible tool, it can well be integrated with blood flow monitors. In the first part of the publication we show, that laser-doppler-flow measurements on the scalp return stimulus induced blood-volume changes. The effect of these changes on CW-NIRS measurements is demonstrated using frequency-domain-system capable of distinguishing absorption changes in superficial layers from those in the bulk tissue. The relationship between cerebral blood flow and cerebral hemoglobin concentration is studied in the second part of the publication. We present a visual stimulation experiment where changes in posterior cerebral artery flow velocity (PCA-Fv) were continuously monitored bilaterally by transcranial doppler sonography. Combining this approach with CW-NIRS imaging shows that the change in the arterial blood flow velocity occur approximately 1s before the deoxy-hemoglobin changes.
NIRS signals measured on the adult head contain contributions from the brain and from overlying tissue. It was shown recently that measured distributions of times of flight (DTOF) of photons allow to deduce absorption changes occurring in different layers of the head. This method relies on time-dependent mean partial pathlengths calculated by Monte Carlo simulations for assumed background optical properties of the various tissues. Deconvolution of the measured
DTOF is required using the instrumental response function. We propose an alternative method to estimate absorption changes in various tissue layers by analyzing changes of moments of DTOFs (integral, mean time of flight and variance) recorded at various source-detector separations. The sensitivity factors corresponding to integral, mean time of flight and variance were obtained by Monte Carlo simulations for a layered model of the head. From experimentally derived mean time of flight and variance the contributions of the instrumental response function were subtracted. The proposed method was applied to multi-distance time-domain measurements during functional stimulation of the brain of healthy volunteers.
KEYWORDS: Absorption, Tissue optics, Near infrared spectroscopy, Signal attenuation, Tissues, Spectroscopy, Skin, Skull, Signal detection, Magnetic resonance imaging
Tracking a bolus of contrast agent traveling through the cerebral vasculature provides a measure of the blood supply and the blood flow velocity in the respective cerebral tissue. This principle has been the basis for the first approaches in functional MR imaging and is of great value when investigating stroke and other vascularly compromised patients. While the bolus measurement is a standard procedure in clinical MR imaging, optical bolus tracking has not yet become a reliable protocol. Here optical absorption changes induced by bolus signals of the dye indocyanine- green are studied by near infrared spectroscopy on volunteers. The aim is to assess the latency and shape of the absorption change.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.