KEYWORDS: Arteries, Angiography, Control systems, Magnetic resonance angiography, Veins, Magnetic resonance imaging, Spatial resolution, Temporal resolution, Medical imaging, Gadolinium
Magnetic resonance (MR) angiography is becoming widely accepted in the diagnosis of vascular diseases. When used for evaluation of arterial stenoses, aneurysm, thrombosis, or occlusion, MR angiography is a robust and accurate technique. Traditional techniques for contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) offer the benefit of high spatial resolution in characterizing vascular malformations, but have lacked the temporal resolution to describe dynamic flow events. The purpose of this project is to demonstrate the potential role of a novel technique, sub-second MRA, in the evaluation of abdominal arteriovenous malformation.
KEYWORDS: Photovoltaics, Veins, Fluoroscopy, Atrial fibrillation, 3D modeling, Magnetic resonance imaging, 3D metrology, Angiography, Image resolution, Imaging systems
Pulmonary MRA generates high-resolution images of the pulmonary veins (PV) and left atrium (LA), permitting characterization of complex PV anatomy, which is useful in electrophysiologic PV catheter ablation, a proven technique for the treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). The purpose of this study was to determine if pre-ablative pulmonary MRA with intra-ablative viewing facilitates ablation by reducing fluoroscopy time. We studied the morphology of the LA and PV at 1.5T (Magnetom Sonata, Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen Germany) with breath-held gadolinium-enhanced 3D MRA in 7 patients with PAF undergoing PV ablation. Data was volume rendered (VR) on a stereoscopic workstation. PV ostial diameter and cross-sectional area measurements were obtained on multi-planar reformatted (MPR) images. VR datasets were converted into digital movies and were viewed on a laptop computer adjacent to real-time fluoroscopic images. Fluoroscopy times for patients undergoing pre-ablative MPA mapping were compared with a cohort of 22 consecutive patients diagnosed with PAF who underwent catheter ablation without pre-ablative MRA planning. Mean PV ablation fluoroscopic time with MRA planning versus fluoroscopic imaging alone were 84±20 minutes and 114±20 minutes respectively. Pre-ablative MRA planning resulted in a significant mean fluoroscopy time savings of 26% (p<0.05). In patients with PAF undergoing PV ablation, analysis of MRA datasets depicting PV anatomy confirms that there is great variability in anatomy between veins. Pre-ablative 3D PV mapping by MRA greatly facilitates fluoroscopic identification of individual veins and significantly reduces fluoroscopic radiation time.
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