VIRUS is the massively replicated fiber-fed spectrograph being built for the Hobby-Eberly Telescope to support
HETDEX (the Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment). The instrument consists of 156 identical
channels, fed by 34,944 fibers contained in 78 integral field units, deployed in the 22 arcminute field of the
upgraded HET. VIRUS covers 350-550nm at R ≈ 700 and is built to target Lyman α emitters at 1.9 < z < 3.5 to
measure the evolution of dark energy. Here we present the assembly line construction of the VIRUS spectrographs,
including their alignment and plans for characterization. We briefly discuss plans for installation on the telescope.
The spectrographs are being installed on the HET in several stages, and the instrument is due for completion
by the end of 2014.
The Visible Integral-field Replicable Unit Spectrograph (VIRUS) consists of a baseline build of 150 identical
spectrographs (arrayed as 75 unit pairs) fed by 33,600 fibers, each 1.5 arcsec diameter, at the focus of the upgraded 10
m Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET). VIRUS has a fixed bandpass of 350-550 nm and resolving power R~700. VIRUS is
the first example of industrial-scale replication applied to optical astronomy and is capable of surveying large areas of
sky, spectrally. The VIRUS concept offers significant savings of engineering effort, cost, and schedule when compared
to traditional instruments.
The main motivator for VIRUS is to map the evolution of dark energy for the Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy
Experiment (HETDEX), using 0.8M Lyman-α emitting galaxies as tracers. The full VIRUS array is due to be deployed starting at the end of 2014 and will provide a powerful new facility instrument for the HET, well suited to the
survey niche of the telescope, and will open up large area surveys of the emission line universe for the first time.
VIRUS is in full production, and we are about half way through. We review the production design, lessons learned in
reaching volume production, and preparation for deployment of this massive instrument. We also discuss the application
of the replicated spectrograph concept to next generation instrumentation on ELTs.
VIRUS is the visible, integral-field replicable unit spectrograph for the Hobby-Eberly-Telescope (HET) consisting of 75
integral-field-units that feed 150 spectrographs. The full VIRUS instrument features over 33,000 fibres, each projecting
to 1.5 arcseconds diameter on sky, deployed at the prime focus of the upgraded 10m HET. The assembly and acceptance
testing for all IFUs includes microscopic surface quality inspections, astrometry of fibre positions, relative throughput
measurements, focal-ratio-degradation evaluation, and system acceptance using a VIRUS reference spectrograph to
verify the image quality, spectral transmission, stability, or to detect any stray light issues.
We report on extensive testing carried out on the optical fibers for the VIRUS instrument. The primary result of
this work explores how 10+ years of simulated wear on a VIRUS fiber bundle affects both transmission and focal
ratio degradation (FRD) of the optical fibers. During the accelerated lifetime tests we continuously monitored
the fibers for signs of FRD. We find that transient FRD events were common during the portions of the tests
when motion was at telescope slew rates, but dropped to negligible levels during rates of motion typical for
science observation. Tests of fiber transmission and FRD conducted both before and after the lifetime tests
reveal that while transmission values do not change over the 10+ years of simulated wear, a clear increase in
FRD is seen in all 18 fibers tested. This increase in FRD is likely due to microfractures that develop over time
from repeated flexure of the fiber bundle, and stands in contrast to the transient FRD events that stem from
localized stress and subsequent modal diffusion of light within the fibers. There was no measurable wavelength
dependence on the increase in FRD over 350 nm to 600 nm. We also report on bend radius tests conducted
on individual fibers and find the 266 μm VIRUS fibers to be immune to bending-induced FRD at bend radii
of R 10 cm. Below this bend radius FRD increases slightly with decreasing radius. Lastly, we give details
of a degradation seen in the fiber bundle currently deployed on the Mitchell Spectrograph (formally VIRUS-P)
at McDonald Observatory. The degradation is shown to be caused by a localized shear in a select number of
optical fibers that leads to an explosive form of FRD. In a few fibers, the overall transmission loss through the
instrument can exceed 80%. These results are important for the VIRUS instrument, and for both current and
proposed instruments that make use of optical fibers, particularly when the fibers are in continual motion during
an observation, or experience repeated mechanical stress during their deployment.≥
The Visible Integral-field Replicable Unit Spectrograph (VIRUS) consists of a baseline build of 150 identical
spectrographs (arrayed as 75 units, each with a pair of spectrographs) fed by 33,600 fibers, each 1.5 arcsec diameter,
deployed over the 22 arcminute field of the upgraded 10 m Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET). The goal is to deploy 82
units. VIRUS has a fixed bandpass of 350-550 nm and resolving power R~700. VIRUS is the first example of
industrial-scale replication applied to optical astronomy and is capable of spectral surveys of large areas of sky. This
approach, in which a relatively simple, inexpensive, unit spectrograph is copied in large numbers, offers significant
savings of engineering effort, cost, and schedule when compared to traditional instruments.
The main motivator for VIRUS is to map the evolution of dark energy for the Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy
Experiment (HETDEX) using 0.8M Lyman-α emitting galaxies as tracers. The full VIRUS array is due to be deployed
by early 2014 and will provide a powerful new facility instrument for the HET, well suited to the survey niche of the
telescope. VIRUS and HET will open up wide-field surveys of the emission-line universe for the first time. We present
the production design and current status of VIRUS.
The quantity and length of optical fibers required for the Hobby-Eberly Telescope* Dark Energy eXperiment
(HETDEX) create unique fiber handling challenges. For HETDEX‡, at least 33,600 fibers will transmit light from the
focal surface of the telescope to an array of spectrographs making up the Visible Integral-Field Replicable Unit
Spectrograph (VIRUS). Up to 96 Integral Field Unit (IFU) bundles, each containing 448 fibers, hang suspended from the
telescope's moving tracker located more than 15 meters above the VIRUS instruments. A specialized mechanical system
is being developed to support fiber optic assemblies onboard the telescope. The discrete behavior of 448 fibers within a
conduit is also of primary concern. A life cycle test must be conducted to study fiber behavior and measure Focal Ratio
Degradation (FRD) as a function of time. This paper focuses on the technical requirements and design of the HETDEX
fiber optic support system, the electro-mechanical test apparatus for accelerated life testing of optical fiber assemblies.
Results generated from the test will be of great interest to designers of robotic fiber handling systems for major
telescopes. There is concern that friction, localized contact, entanglement, and excessive tension will be present within
each IFU conduit and contribute to FRD. The test apparatus design utilizes six linear actuators to replicate the movement
of the telescope over 65,000 accelerated cycles, simulating five years of actual operation.
The Visible Integral-field Replicable Unit Spectrograph (VIRUS) consists of a baseline build of 150 identical
spectrographs (arrayed as 75 units, each with a pair of spectrographs) fed by 33,600 fibers, each 1.5 arcsec diameter,
deployed over the 22 arcminute field of the upgraded 10 m Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET). The goal is to deploy 96
units. VIRUS has a fixed bandpass of 350-550 nm and resolving power R~700. VIRUS is the first example of
industrial-scale replication applied to optical astronomy and is capable of spectral surveys of large areas of sky. The
method of industrial replication, in which a relatively simple, inexpensive, unit spectrograph is copied in large numbers,
offers significant savings of engineering effort, cost, and schedule when compared to traditional instruments.
The main motivator for VIRUS is to map the evolution of dark energy for the Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy
Experiment (HETDEX+) using 0.8M Lyman-α emitting galaxies as tracers. The full VIRUS array is due to be deployed
in late 2011 and will provide a powerful new facility instrument for the HET, well suited to the survey niche of the
telescope. VIRUS and HET will open up wide field surveys of the emission-line universe for the first time. We present
the design, cost, and current status of VIRUS as it enters production, and review performance results from the VIRUS
prototype. We also present lessons learned from our experience designing for volume production and look forward to
the application of the VIRUS concept on future extremely large telescopes (ELTs).
We have conducted extensive tests of both transmission and focal ratio degradation (FRD) on two integral field
units currently in use on the VIRUS-P integral field spectrograph. VIRUS-P is a prototype for the VIRUS
instrument proposed for the Hobby-Eberly Telescope at McDonald Observatory. All tests have been conducted
at an input f-ratio of F/3.65 and with an 18% central obscuration in order to simulate optical conditions on the
HET. Transmission measurements were conducted with narrow-band interference filters (FWHM: 10 nm) at 10
discrete wavelengths (337 to 600 nm), while FRD tests were made at 365 nm, 400 nm and 600 nm. The influence
of wavelength, end immersion, fiber type and length on both FRD and transmission is explored. Most notably,
we find no wavelength dependence on FRD down to 365 nm. All fibers tested are within the VIRUS instrument
specifications for both FRD and transmission. We present the details of our differential FRD testing method and
explain a simple and robust technique of aligning the test bench and optical fiber axes to within ±0.1 degrees.
The Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy eXperiment [HETDEX] will employ over 43,000 optical fibers to feed light
to 192 Visible Integral-Field Replicable Unit Spectrographs [VIRUS]. Each VIRUS instrument is fed by 224 fibers. To
reduce cost, the spectrographs are combined into pairs; thus, two bundles of 224 fibers are combined into a single
Integral Field Unit [IFU] of 448 fibers. On the input end the fibers are arranged in a square 'dense-pack' array at the
HET focal surface. At the output end the IFU terminates in two separate linear arrays which provide entry slits for each
spectrometer unit. The IFU lengths must be kept to an absolute minimum to mitigate losses; however, consideration of
overall project cost and duration of the science mission have resulted in the generation of two competing concepts.
Multiple axes of motion are imposed on the IFUs as they span the shortest distance from the focal surface to each
VIRUS unit. Arranging and supporting 96 IFUs, that have a total mass over 450 kg, in a manner that is compatible with
these complex translations, together with the management of accompanying forces on the tracking mechanism of the
HET, presents a significant technical challenge, which is further compounded by wind buffeting. The longer IFU
concept is favored due to overall project cost, but requires tests to assure that the fibers can withstand forces associated
with a height differential of 16.25 meters without FRD losses or breakage.
We describe the design, construction, and performance of VIRUS-P (Visible Integral-field Replicable Unit
Spectrograph - Prototype), the prototype for 150+ identical fiber-fed integral field spectrographs for the Hobby-Eberly
Telescope Dark Energy Experiment (HETDEX). VIRUS-P was commissioned in 2007, is in regular service on the
McDonald Observatory 2.7 m Smith telescope, and offers the largest field of any integral field spectrograph. The 246-fiber IFU uses a densepak-type fiber bundle with a 1/3 fill factor. It is fed at f/3.65 through a telecentric, two-group
dioptric focal reducer. The spectrograph's double-Schmidt optical design uses a volume phase holographic grating at
the pupil between the articulating f/3.32 folded collimator and the f/1.33 cryogenic prime focus camera. High on-sky
throughput is achieved with this catadioptric system by the use of high reflectivity dielectric coatings, which set the
340-670 nm bandwidth. VIRUS-P is gimbal-mounted on the telescope to allow short fibers for high UV throughput,
while maintaining high mechanical stability. The instrument software and the 18 square arcmin field, fixed-offset guider
provide rapid acquisition, guiding, and precision dithering to fill in the IFU field. Custom software yields Poisson noise
limited, sky subtracted spectra. The design characteristics are described that achieved uniformly high image quality with
low scattered light and fiber-to-fiber cross talk. System throughput exceeds requirements and peaks at 40%. The
observing procedures are described, and example observations are given.
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