In adoptive cell therapy (ACT) of solid tumors, only a small fraction of T cells typically accumulates at the target. Therefore, methods to noninvasively assess adoptive T cell infiltration are critical for ACT success. Here we present an approach based on photoacoustic (PA) and ultrasound (US) imaging to visualize nanoparticle (NP)-tagged adoptive T cells within tumor region. Our results indicate feasibility of the T cell tagging with NPs and US/PA imaging of adoptive T cells with clinically relevant spatial resolution and imaging depth thus providing critical imaging feedback to expedite development, translation, and expansion of ACT.
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