Dr. Jian Ling Profile

Dr. Jian Ling

at Southwest Research Institute

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Proceedings Article | 5 March 2015 Paper

Utilizing an open-microcavity optoacoustic sensor for spectroscopic determination of methemoglobin concentration

Ralph Peterson, Kavya Kadugodinandareddy, Vinitha Karunakaran, Casey Whitney, Jian Ling, Jing Yong Ye

Proceedings Volume 9319, 93191N (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2080119

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Latex, Absorption, Spectroscopy, Scattering, Laser beam diagnostics, Chromophores, Ultrasonography, Spectrophotometry

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We present a simple, non-destructive photoacoustic spectroscopy method utilizing a unique open-microcavity optoacoustic sensor to measure the concentration ratio of Methemoglobin (MetHb) in an optically scattering medium. Elevated levels of MetHb, present for example in the blood disorder Methemeglobinemia, cannot be detected by conventional pulse oximetry, and may result in inaccurate arterial oxygen saturation measurements. Samples with different ratios of Oxygenated Hemoglobin (HbO₂), Deoxygenated Hemoglobin (HHb), and MetHb were obtained and mixed with nanoscale latex beads to present an optical scattering effect. Polymer encapsulated hemoglobin (PEH) samples were also studied. A sample chamber containing 20 μL of each sample was positioned directly underneath our patented optoacoustic sensor. Unlike a piezoelectric transducer, our optoacoustic sensor allows an excitation laser beam from an OPO laser to pass through and be absorbed by the sample to produce a photoacoustic signal. The cavity layer of the optoacoustic sensor is exposed directly to the resulting ultrasound signal, which causes an intensity modulation of a HeNe laser that is used to monitor the resonance condition of the sensor. A probe laser beam is total internally reflected off of the sensor and detected with a fiber-coupled APD detector. Three wavelengths are chosen for our excitation laser based on the absorption peaks and isobestic points of HHb, HbO₂, and MetHb. Using established values of the molar extinction coefficients of HbO₂, HHb, and MetHb a set of three simultaneous equations can be solved to accurately determine the concentration ratio of MetHb.

Proceedings Article | 22 February 2008 Paper

Use of quantum dot-conjugated antibodies to study intracellular cancer biomarkers in living and fixed cells

Jian Ling

Proceedings Volume 6866, 68660T (2008) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.763359

KEYWORDS: Luminescence, Quantum dots, Digital image correlation, Proteins, Molecules, Live cell imaging, Imaging systems, Cancer, Cervical cancer, Fetus

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Quantum dots have unique properties for long-term immunofluorescence imaging of molecular activities inside living cells. The key is how to deliver the quantum dot-conjugated antibodies into cells and further allow the antibodies freely move inside cells to bind target molecules. This study investigated the feasibility of using Pep-1, a cell penetration protein, to facilitate the internalization of quantum dot-conjugated antibodies for the labeling of two intracellular cervical cancer biomarkers: p16 and Mcm5. Quantum dots were directly conjugated with the antibodies to p16 and Mcm5 and, they were able to stain fixed cells and to differentiate biomarker positive and negative cells. The non-covalent binding between the conjugates and Pep-1 peptides allows the quick internalization of the quantum dot-conjugated antibodies into living cells. The internalized conjugates were concentrated in the perinuclear regions of the biomarker-positive HeLa cells. In the biomarker negative Um-Uc-3 cells, however, the conjugates concentrated in juxtaneclear region. Cells bearing with quantum dots still go through the mitosis process. Although the study indicates many questions need to be answered and many problems need to be solved, the use of cell penetration peptide is a promising method for the intracellular labeling of living cell molecules using quantum dots.

Proceedings Article | 27 August 1993 Paper

In-vivo studies of reflectance pulse oximeter sensor

Jian Ling, Setsuo Takatani, George Noon, Yukihiko Nose

Proceedings Volume 1887, (1993) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.151190

KEYWORDS: Sensors, Reflectivity, Light emitting diodes, Tissue optics, Oximeters, Diffusion, Photodiodes, Absorption, Blood, Surgery

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Reflectance oximetry can offer an advantage of being applicable to any portion of the body. However, the major problem of reflectance oximetry is low pulsatile signal level which prevents prolonged clinical application during extreme situations, such as hypothermia and vasoconstriction. In order to improve the pulsatile signal level of reflectance pulse oximeter and thus its accuracy, three different sensors, with the separation distances (SPD) between light emitting diode (LED) and photodiode being 3, 5, and 7 mm respectively, were studied on nine healthy volunteers. With the increase of the SPD, it was found that both the red (660 nm) and near-infrared (830 nm) pulsatile to average signal ratio (AC/DC) increased, and the standard deviations of (AC/DC)_red/(AC/DC)_infrared ratio decreased, in spite of the decrease of the absolute signal level. Further clinical studies of 3 mm and 7 mm SPD sensors on seven patients also showed that the (AC/DC)_red/(AC/DC)_infrared ratio measured by the 7 mm sensor were less disturbed than the 3 mm sensor during the surgery. A theoretical study based on the three-dimensional photon diffusion theory supports the experimental and clinical results. As a conclusion, the 7 mm sensor has the highest signal-to- noise ratio among three different sensors. A new 7 mm SPD reflectance sensor, with the increased number of LEDs around the photodiode, was designed to increase the AC/DC ratio, as well as to increase the absolute signal level.

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