The effect of gamma radiation dose (∼1 MGy) on the performance of negative-index fiber Bragg grating (FBG) formed by prolong UV laser exposure (type-IIa grating) and prolong thermal exposure (thermally regenerated grating) is presented for the first time. It is observed that for both negative-index gratings, the radiation-induced shift in Bragg wavelength and temperature sensitivity were less than 37 pm and 0.06 pm / ° C, respectively. The performance of negative-index grating is also compared with that of positive-index grating (type-I) under the same gamma irradiation conditions. It is observed that variation in Bragg wavelength, reflection intensity, and temperature sensitivity was lower in negative-index gratings compared to that of positive-index grating. The effect of radiation is analyzed in terms of “radiation-optic coefficient” for all FBGs. The different behavior of the FBG is linked with a different mechanism responsible for the formation of negative- and positive-index FBGs.
This paper presents the first-time results on design and implementation of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based distributed temperature sensor up to 500°C in a high-voltage and high-electromagnetic interference (EMI) environment. The multiple FBGs at different peak wavelengths were inscribed on a single fiber of length 2 m at the spacing of about 30 cm by controlling the geometrical divergence of a highly coherent UV (255 nm) beam falling on a biprism. The developed multipoint sensor is tested on a high-voltage and high-EMI environment such as a copper bromide (CuBr) laser. The temperature of 200°C to 500°C is monitored online along the operating laser tube length.
This paper presents studies on the role of Ge-doping concentration (6 to 18 mol. %) in the refractive index rollover fluence and thermal annealing characteristics of type IIa fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs). A 255 nm UV beam of low-pulse energy density (∼2.2 mJ/cm2), nanosecond (∼30 ns) duration, and high-repetition rate (∼5.5 kHz) was used for FBG inscription. It is observed that the UV fluence needed for refractive index rollover was higher for fiber having low Ge-doping (∼6 mol.%). The temperature sustainability of these gratings has been studied in a multistep thermal annealing process up to 800°C. It was observed that the higher the total UV fluence required for refractive index rollover, the higher the temperature sustainability of a type IIa grating. The temperature rise of the fiber for a single UV pulse and at the maximum cumulative UV fluence was estimated for different Ge-doping concentrations. The thermal stability of the grating is linked to the amount of Ge-doping concentration of the fiber. These observations may be due to the fact that a high cumulative fluence resulted in a larger stress relaxation, leading to enhanced FBG temperature stability.
A numerical analysis on the refractive index modulation in first and second order of type I fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) written by prism interferometer fringes is presented. The analysis of FBG written by biprism interferometers has been carried out to optimize the writing position and by Lloyd prism interferometer to optimize FBG length with respect to ultraviolet (UV) beam parameter. It is analytically shown that in the biprism fringe depth, the fiber positions of maximum reflectivity in first and second orders are different and both are less than the distance of maximum beam overlap. The refractive index modulation of FBGs written by Lloyd prism varies along the FBG length. The evolution and saturation of the FBGs written by biprism and Llyod prism are different due to difference in magnitude and/or profile of the UV fringes contrast in the FBG writing plane.
An experimental study on hydrofluoric acid (HF)-based clad etching and chemical sensing characteristics of fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) of different reflectivity fabricated under different UV (255 nm) exposure times is presented. Two FBGs of reflectivity 11% and 93% were inscribed by phase mask–based exposition of the photosensitive fibers by a 5.5 kHz repetition rate of 255 nm UV pulses for 15 s and 10 min, respectively. These two FBGs, employed in an HF-based clad etching experiment, revealed a much higher etching rate of 2.03 μm/min for the grating of reflectivity 11% as compared to 1.69 μm/min for the grating of reflectivity 93%. The performance of these etched FBGs were also studied for refractive index sensing of the chemicals ethanol and ethylene glycol under different fiber etching times, hence of different residual cladding diameter. It was observed that the same refractive index sensitivity for both the chemicals could be achieved under smaller etching time, i.e., larger residual cladding diameter, for the FBG with lower reflectivity. This differentiating behavior of FBGs under etching and sensing may be linked to the different degree of densification in fused silica fiber cladding under different UV fluence exposures.
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