Interventional Radiology (IR) is a rapidly advancing field, with complex procedures and techniques being developed at increasingly high rates. As these procedures and the underlying imaging technology continue to evolve, one of the challenges for physicians lies in maintaining optimal visualization of the various displays used to guide the procedure. Many Augmented Reality Surgical Navigation Systems (AR-SNS) have been proposed in the literature that aim to improve the way physicians visualize their patient’s anatomy, but there are few that address the problem of space within the IR suite. Our solution is the incorporation of an Augmented Reality “cockpit”, which streams and renders image data inside virtual displays visualized within the Hololens two, eliminating the need for physical displays. The benefit of our approach is that sterile free interaction and customization can be performed using hand gestures and voice commands, and the physician can optimize the positioning of the display without the need to worry about physical interference from other equipment. For proof of concept, we performed a user study to validate the suitability of our approach in the context of liver tumor ablation procedures. We found there was no significant differences in insertion accuracy or time between the proposed approach and the traditional method. This indicates that visualization of US imaging using our approach is an adequate replacement to the traditional physical display and paves the way for the next iteration of the system, which is to quantify the benefits of our approach when used in multi-modality procedures.
Percutaneous ablation is becoming a viable treatment option for patients with early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who are not candidates for surgical resection or liver transplantation.1 The success of the treatment is measured by the complete coverage, plus a positive margin, of the tumor being contained within the ablation lesion.2 In this project, a multi-modality anthropomorphic phantom with simulated tumor and vascular flow was developed. The phantom consists of five different parts: the left and right lobes, internal and external vasculature (part of the Inferior Vena Cava), and the tumors. The geometry of these anatomical features are based on patient-specific CT data. Our anthropomorphic liver phantom is made with PolyVinyl Alcohol cryogel (PVA-c) to serve as an Ultrasound-, MRI-, and CT-compatible tissue-mimicking material. Talcum powder was added to the PVA-c to provide realistic speckle under ultrasound (US) imaging, with the optimal concentration being determined by experiment. The Talcum concentration of the tumors was evaluated by US and CT imaging. To create the closed-loop vasculature flow, positive silicone vasculature molds were inserted into the liver body mold prior PVA-c filling. After the freeze-thaw cycles, the silicone vasculature molds are extracted from the liver body creating a network of canals. To recreate the blood flow, a water pump was connected to the liver phantom vasculature to allow the flowing through the internal canals. Differentiation between the liver tissue, vessels, and simulated tumors was clearly visualized in US and CT imaging. Color Doppler was acquired to test the flow of the closed-loop vasculature. The antropomorphic characteristics and the manufacturing technique makes our liver phantom customizable to work as a sandbox environment for needle puncture procedures (i.e. focal ablation) as well as training and validation of surgical navigation systems for these interventions.
Percutaneous ablation is a viable treatment option for patients with early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who are not candidates for surgical resection or liver transplantation,1 but the efficacy of this procedure depends heavily on the surgeon’s ability to place the ablation probe accurately into the target tumor. This paper introduces a surgical navigation system for guiding an ablation needle percutaneously, using an electromagnetic tracking system and a mini-stereotactic aiming device. A clamp to attach an EM sensor was designed to attach to the a patient-attached needle guider. The pose information from the guider sensor after calibration was used to project a virtual line that follows the needle guider movements, and shows the applicator path before insertion. A surgical navigation application was developed in the 3D Slicer platform and a pose calibration technique was incorporated to ensure that the virtual needle path that is projected from the needle guider aligns with the physical needle once a needle is inserted into the guider. The estimated ablation zone, based on manufacturer’s guidelines, is displayed at the tip of the virtual path to help the user ensure total tumor coverage. The guidance software allows updating the estimated ablation zone in real-time depending on the treatment specifications. The ablation zone is displayed as a 3D model and as an ellipse overlaid on the 2D ultrasound video. A rotation analysis to obtain the angular error between two virtual lines (guider and a pre-calibrated needle) was performed in two different setups. The first was the ideal setup without anything that could bend the pre-calibrated needle, and the second used a Polyvinyl Alcohol cryogel Phantom. The results for the rotation analysis, mean and STD, for the ideal setup, was (0.33 ± 0.29)°; while using the PVA-c phantom the results (2.70 ± 0.07)°. These results suggest that the disposable mini-stereotactic needle guider has the potential to assist the surgeons in the accurate placement of the ablation needle in the clinical setting.
Percutaneous thermal ablations are promising curative treatment techniques of focal liver tumors, particularly for those patients who are not eligible for surgical resection. Complete coverage of the targeted tumor by the thermal ablation zone and with a safety margin of 5-10 mm is required to ensure that complete tumor eradication will be achieved. 2D ultrasound (US) is a commonly used modality to guide this procedure; however, it has limitations in estimating the ablation tumor coverage due to the difficulty of evaluating tumor coverage using only one or multiple 2D US images. The use of intra-procedural 3D US is a promising approach to solve this unmet need. Although most of current approaches provide reformatted three orthogonal views to better evaluate the tumor coverage, comprehensive volumetric evaluation is rarely available. In this paper, for tumor-visible cases in US, we aim to investigate the ability of 3D US images to visualize the applicators and relevant surrounding structures, then assess the feasibility of evaluating the tumor coverage quantitatively using surface- and volume-based metrics. Using our previously developed 3D US liver ablation system, we collected 10 patients’ 3D US liver images in our clinical trial. The visibility of the applicator and relevant structures were assessed qualitatively. We then evaluated the surface error and volume accuracy of the tumor coverage. Results demonstrated that 3D US images allow visualization of the appropriate anatomical structures and applicators, and our volumetric evaluation can provide systematic knowledge of tumor coverage and an opportunity to correct the ablation applicator position intra-procedurally.
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