The Gemini Planet Imager 2.0 (GPI 2.0) is an upgrade to the original GPI, an instrument for directly imaging exoplanet systems, which is being moved to the Gemini North telescope atop Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Major changes involve improved coronagraph designs and upgrading the adaptive optics (AO) system with a new pyramid wavefront sensor (PWFS). The addition of these new components require revised models for evaluating the performance and understanding the limitations of the system. This in turn helps us inform the broader GPI 2.0 science goals. We run end-to-end AO simulations, to assess the performance of GPI 2.0 AO under typical atmospheric conditions on Mauna Kea. We use these simulations to help us determine operating parameters such as the limiting stellar magnitude, maximum Strehl ratio, and the contrast achieved by the joint AO-coronagraph system before speckle-suppression. This information will be used to predict the science performance on a range of targets and design observing strategies.
The Subaru Pathfinder Instrument for Detecting Exoplanets and Recovering Spectra (SPIDERS) has been built from the ground-up to demonstrate the fast-atmospheric self-coherent camera technique on-sky for the first time. This technique uses a common-path interferometer to measure and suppress speckles in real-time to build a dark hole, and to enable hyperspectral coherent differential imaging post-processing. These promise more than a hundred times improvement in sensitivity to young giant planets and debris disks around bright stars compared with previous, speckle-limited instruments. We will present SPIDERS, its laboratory performance on post-AO residuals, and an update on SPIDERS’ commissioning at Subaru.
The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) is a high-contrast imaging instrument designed to directly detect and characterise young, Jupiter-mass exoplanets. After six years of operation at the Gemini South Telescope in Chile, the instrument is being upgraded and moved to the Gemini North Telescope in Hawaii as GPI 2.0. Several improvements have been made to the adaptive optics (AO) system as part of this upgrade. This includes replacing the current Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor with a pyramid wavefront sensor (PWFS) and a custom EMCCD. These changes will increase GPI’s sky coverage by accessing fainter targets, improving corrections on fainter stars and allowing faster and ultra-low latency operations on brighter targets. The PWFS subsystem was independently built and tested to verify its performance before being integrated into the GPI 2.0 instrument. This paper will present the pre-integration performance test results, including pupil image quality, throughput and linearity without modulation.
The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) is a high contrast imaging instrument that aims to detect and characterize extrasolar planets. GPI is being upgraded to GPI 2.0, with several subsystems receiving a re-design to improve its contrast. To enable observations on fainter targets and increase performance on brighter ones, one of the upgrades is to the adaptive optics system. The current Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (WFS) is being replaced by a pyramid WFS with an low-noise electron multiplying CCD (EMCCD). EMCCDs are detectors capable of counting single photon events at high speed and high sensitivity. In this work, we characterize the performance of the HNü 240 EMCCD from Nüvü Cameras, which was custom-built for GPI 2.0. Through our performance evaluation we found that the operating mode of the camera had to be changed from inverted-mode (IMO) to non-inverted mode (NIMO) in order to improve charge diffusion features found in the detector’s images. Here, we characterize the EMCCD’s noise contributors (readout noise, clock-induced charges, dark current) and linearity tests (EM gain, exposure time) before and after the switch to NIMO.
The imaging search for exoplanets is mainly limited by quasi-static speckle noise that have lifetimes between milliseconds and hours. Attempts to remove this noise using post-processing by building a point spread function (PSF) model from diversity in time, wavelength, and so-forth are limited to a small improvement due to the evolution of the noise along these same axes. The Calibration 2 (CAL2) system, being built by an international team, is a National Research Council of Canada (NRC) funded facility-class focal plane wavefront sensor for the Gemini Planet Imager 2 (GPI2) upgrade. The project consists of a complete rebuild of the GPI calibration (CAL) system. Based on the self-coherent camera concept and the FAST focal plane mask, a fraction of the near-infrared (NIR) science bandpass is extracted using a new dichroic wheel to perform focal plane wavefront sensing, with the goal to do science while also improving the contrast for the GPI2 IFS, up to a factor of 100x on bright stars. The project is at the final design review stage, and construction is expected to start summer/fall 2024, with assembly late fall 2024, and shipping to the Gemini North observatory middle of 2025.
NFIRAOS (Narrow-Field InfraRed Adaptive Optics System) will be the first-light multi-conjugate adaptive optics system for the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT). NFIRAOS supports three Near Infrared (NIR) client instruments, and provides exceptional image quality across the 2 arcminute field of view. In 2018, NFIRAOS passed the Final Design Review (FDR), but there have been several substantial changes more recently. The optical enclosure (ENCL) refrigeration design was updated for CO2 refrigerant, and an enclosure wall panel was prototyped. The polar-coordinate CCD for the laser guide star (LGS) wavefront sensor camera was replaced with a commercial C-Blue camera from First Light Imaging. More recently, the NFIRAOS Science Calibration Unit (NSCU), which was previously a separate Canadian contribution, was incorporated into the scope of NFIRAOS, and has progressed to the Conceptual Design level. In addition to these changes, the team has been working to bring the last of the low-risk subsystems to final design level in preparation for the beginning of construction.
The NRC integrated modelling (NRCim) toolset has been developed at the NRC Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Centre (HAA) for many years and has been used to predict complex system performance for several projects (eg. TMT primary mirror, NFIRAOS, IRIS, GPI). Although extensive software validation has been completed to ensure the validity of the NRCim results, there has not previously been an opportunity to measure the delivered performance of an instrument and complete an experimental validation of the NRCim toolset. With the recent assembly and testing of the SPIDERS instrument (Subaru Pathfinder Instrument for Detecting Exoplanets & Retrieving Spectra), our team at HAA has used the NRCim toolset to predict the performance of the SPIDERS instrument and subsequently completed directly measurements of the performance in the presence of prescribed disturbances. The measurements of the SPIDERS performance are compared with the NRCim-predicted performance providing a direct validation of the NRCim toolset.
The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) is a dedicated high-contrast imaging facility instrument. After six years, GPI has helped establish that the occurrence rate of Jovian planets peaks near the snow. GPI 2.0 is expected to achieve deeper contrasts, especially at small inner working angles, to extend GPI’s operating range to fainter stars, and to broaden its scientific capabilities. GPI shipped from Gemini South in 2022 and is undergoing an upgrade as part of a relocation to Gemini North. We present the status of the upgrades including replacing the current wavefront sensor with an EMCCD-based pyramid wavefront sensor, adding a broadband low spectral resolution prism, new apodized-pupil Lyot coronagraph designs, upgrades of the calibration wavefront sensor and increased queue operability. Further we discuss the progress of reintegrating these components into the new system and the expected performance improvements in the context of GPI 2.0’s enhanced science capabilities.
The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) is a high-contrast imaging instrument designed to directly detect and characterize young, Jupiter-mass exoplanets. After six years of operation at Gemini South in Chile, the instrument is being upgraded and relocated to Gemini North in Hawaii as GPI 2.0. GPI helped establish that Jovian-mass planets have a higher occurrence rate at smaller separations, motivating several sub-system upgrades to obtain deeper contrasts (up to 20 times improvement to the current limit), particularly at small inner working angles. This enables access to additional science areas for GPI 2.0, including low-mass stars, young nearby stars, solar system objects, planet formation in disks, and planet variability. The necessary instrumental changes required toenable these new scientific goals are to (i) the adaptive optics system, by replacing the current Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensor (WFS) with a pyramid WFS and a custom EMCCD, (ii) the integral field spectrograph, by employing a new set of prisms to enable an additional broadband (Y-K band) low spectral resolution mode, as well as replacing the pupil viewer camera with a faster, lower noise C-RED2 camera (iii) the calibration interferometer, by upgrading the low-order WFS used for internal alignment and on-sky target tracking with a C-RED2 camera and replacing the calibration high-order WFS used for measuring and correcting non-common path aberrations with a self coherent camera, (iv) the apodized-pupil Lyot coronagraph designs and (v) the software, to enable high-efficiency queue operations at Gemini North. GPI 2.0 is expected to go on-sky in early 2024. Here I will present the new scientific goals, the key upgrades, the current status and the latest timeline for operations.
The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI), is a facility class instrument for the Gemini Observatory with the primary goal of directly detecting young Jovian planets. After spending 2013 - 2020 at Gemini South, the instrument is currently undergoing maintenance and upgrades before its transition to Gemini North as GPI 2.0. Among the upgrades are significant changes to the Integral Field Spectrograph (IFS), including the installation of new prisms, Lyot stops/apodizers, and filters. The upgrades are expected to improve overall performance in the relevant wavelengths and angular separations needed for GPI 2.0.
Facility-class high-contrast exoplanet imaging systems are currently limited by non-common path quasi-static speckles. Due to these aberrations, the raw contrast saturates after a few seconds. Several active wavefront correction techniques have been developed to remove this noise, with limited success. The NRC Canada is funding two projects, the SPIDERS pathfinder at the Subaru telescope (ETA 2023), and the CAL2 upgrade of the Gemini Planet Imager-2 (ETA 2024), to deploy a modified self-coherent camera (based on FAST) to measure the focal plane electric field, and to apply wavefront corrections in a closed-loop down to 10s of ms in a narrow band. The CAL2 project will focus on developing a facilityclass focal plane & Lyot-stop Low-order sensors using a CRED2 and a SAPHIRA-based camera, reaching up to a gain of 100x in contrast for bright stars. The SPIDERS pathfinder will have a similar configuration with the addition of an imaging Fourier transform spectrograph, allowing the acquisition of a 3.3” diagonal FOV to up to R-20,000 in the NIR to perform advanced spectral differential imaging at a high-spectral resolution to search and characterize exoplanets. These projects will serve as the foundation to develop similar systems for future ground-/space-based telescopes, and be an important step toward the development of instruments to search for life signatures in the atmosphere of exoplanets.
Optical chopping is a step taken to acquire calibrated images for high-contrast instruments such as our SPIDERS pathfinder, the CAL2.0 Gemini Planet Imager 2.0 upgrade, and other future projects. A unique design with smooth, continuous, and slow operation is needed to blink the fringed and unfringed images for dim and bright stars. The Ultra-Low Speed Optical Chopper (ULSOC) must blink between 0.05Hz and 100Hz with noise-free operation, stop in the ‘on’ or ‘off’ position, and have its timing controlled by an external trigger. Silicone dampers are utilized to ensure it is vibration-isolated from other components in the system. The self-calibrating system accepts any chopping wheel between 10-30 blades without the need to reconfigure software and will find its home position on every power-up. The ULSOC communicates serially to start and stop as needed during operation. Long operational periods (during on-sky observations) over a lifetime of at least 10 years, closed-loop stepper-servo control and optical feedback from the chopper wheel guarantees accurate and repeatable velocity and position. Initial prototypes show that smooth and noise-free operation are possible for the desired speed ranges, and vibration is well-managed. Further development this year will lead to a fully functional device to be tested on-sky with our SPIDERS instrument and lead the way to revisions down the road for future projects.
The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) is undergoing a number of upgrades as part of the process of moving the instrument from Gemini South to Gemini North. The upgraded instrument (GPI2.0) will include a new Real- Time Controller (RTC) that drives the eXtreme Adaptive Optics (XAO) system, which is composed of a new high-sensitivity Natural Guide Star (NGS) Pyramid Wavefront Sensor (PWFS), and the existing two Deformable Mirrors (DMs) and Tip/Tilt Stage (TTS) at loop rates up to 2 kHz with very low latency. The new RTC is based on the Herzberg Extensible Adaptive Real-time Toolkit (HEART), which is a collection of libraries and other software that can be used to control different types of Adaptive Optics (AO) systems. HEART’s configurability and flexibility lends itself well to GPI2.0 RTC. This paper explores how HEART functionality is used and configured to construct the GPI2.0 RTC.
NRC’s NEW-EARTH Lab has demonstrated in the laboratory a Self-Coherent Camera (SCC) concept combined with a Tilt-Gaussian-Vortex focal plane mask (FPM). This speckle suppression technique, a.k.a. Fast Atmospheric SCC Technique (FAST), can enhance the contrast up to 100 times. Based on this success, NRC is now building SPIDERS, a visitor instrument for Subaru telescope to be installed on the infrared Nasmyth platform behind AO188 and the new Subaru Beam Switcher. The beam can be either shared between SPIDERS and SCExAO for simultaneous observations or sent entirely to only one instrument. SPIDERS should also benefit from the upcoming AO188 deformable mirror (DM) upgrade (64x64 actuators) turning A188 to AO3k. The key-components of SPIDERS are an ALPAO DM468, used as a second-stage AO correction, a pupil apodizer mask, a Tilt-Gaussian FPM, a Lyot stop, a beam-splitter feeding (i), a C-RED2 camera imaging a 5” FoV in narrow bands and (ii), an imaging Fourier-Transform Spectrograph and a SAPHIRA camera for spectroscopy up to R~20,000 over a 3.3” FoV. SPIDERS optical design is fully reflective up to the FPM to avoid chromatic aberrations and reduce the number of surfaces. Two off-axis ellipsoid mirrors are enough to form the pupil planes required on the DM and the apodizer mask, and the f/64 focus on the FPM. Only lenses are used from the FPM up to the C-RED2 camera to mitigate the sensitivity of the SCC to vibrations. The Lyot stop reflects the blocked light to a camera acting as a Low-Order Wavefront Sensor complementing the SCC focal plane wavefront sensing.
The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) is a high contrast imaging instrument designed to directly detect and characterize young Jupiter-mass exoplanets. After six years of operation at Gemini South in Chile, the instrument is being upgraded and moved to Gemini North in Hawaii as GPI 2.0. As part of this upgrade, several improvements will be made to the adaptive optics (AO) system. This includes replacing the current Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (WFS) with a pyramid wavefront sensor (PWFS) and a custom EMCCD. These changes are expected to increase GPI’s sky coverage by accessing fainter targets, improving corrections on fainter stars and allowing faster and ultra-low latency operations on brighter targets. The PWFS subsystem is being independently built and tested to verify its performance before its integration into the GPI 2.0 instrument. In this paper, we will present the design and pre-integration test plan of the PWFS.
The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) is a facility class instrument for the Gemini Observatory with the primary goal of directly detecting young Jovian planets. After several years of successful operations on sky at Gemini South, GPI is undergoing an upgrade at the University of Notre Dame and is being moved to Gemini North. We present the current performance results, from in-lab testing, for several of the upgraded components to the Integral Field Spectrograph (IFS) and the Calibration Wavefront Sensor (CAL) for GPI 2.0. These upgrades include changes to the IFS dispersion prisms, changes to the pupil viewing cameras, and changes to the low order wavefront sensor. These improvements are designed to improve the magnitude and contrast range of GPI. We describe the alignment of several components, their noise characteristics, and their performance in the GPI environment.
GPI is a facility instrument designed for the direct detection and characterization of young Jupiter mass exoplanets. GPI has helped establish that the occurrence rate of Jovian planets peaks near the snow line (~3 AU), and falls off toward larger separations. This motivates an upgrade of GPI to achieve deeper contrasts, especially at small inner working angles, to extend GPI’s operating range to fainter stars, and to broaden its scientific capabilities, all while leveraging its historical success. GPI was packed and shipped in 2022, and is undergoing a major science-driven upgrade. We present the status and purpose of the upgrades including an EMCCD-based pyramid wavefront sensor, broadband low spectral resolution prisms, new apodized-pupil Lyot coronagraph designs, upgrades of the calibration wavefront sensor and increased queue operability. We discuss the expected performance improvements and enhanced science capabilities to be made available in 2024.
The Support Structure for the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) Infrared Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) consists of 18 carbonfiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) struts, a CFRP ring and a metal interface frame. This ultra-stiff, lightweight structure suspends the five-ton IRIS Science Cryostat and Rotator below the Narrow Field Infrared Adaptive Optics System (NFIRAOS). Through comprehensive design and analysis driven by requirements for stiffness, optical alignment, adjustability, manufacturability, weight and space, much headway was made to bring this design to fruition. This work presents the current state of design, including material down-selection, adjuster design and strategies for fabrication, alignment and testing. It summarizes methodologies and simulation results examining stiffness, seismic and thermal loads and transmission of vibration between NFIRAOS and IRIS. A prototype strut is being developed and will undergo dynamic mechanical testing to characterize its performance.
The Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) is a dedicated high-contrast imaging facility designed for the direct detection and characterization of young Jupiter mass exoplanets. After six yrs of operation at Gemini South, GPI has helped establish that Jovian planets are rare at wide separations, but have higher occurrence rates at small separations. This motivates an upgrade of GPI to achieve deeper contrasts, especially at small inner working angles, while leveraging its current capabilities. GPI has been funded to undergo a major science-driven upgrade as part of a relocation to Gemini North (GN). Gemini plans to remove GPI at the end of 2020A. We present the status of the proposed upgrades to GPI including a EMCCD-based pyramid wavefront sensor, broadband low spectral resolution prisms and new apodized-pupil Lyot coronagraph designs. We discuss the expected performance improvements in the context of GPI 2.0's enhanced science capabilities which are scheduled to be made available at GN in 2022.
After more than six years of successful operation at Gemini South, the Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) will be moved to Gemini-North. During this move, the instrument will undergo a series of upgrades. One of these upgrades will be the installation of a new pyramid wavefront sensor (PWFS) with a low noise EMCCD detector that will replace the current Shack-Hartmann WFS. This upgrade is expected to significantly increase the sky coverage of GPI, providing increased level of AO correction and access to fainter targets. The new PWFS will be assembled on a standalone bench that will be aligned and tested independent of the GPI to ensure the required performance is achieved. Once the performance is verified, the completed subassembly will be installed in place of the current WFS hardware during the final integration into the GPI. In this paper, we will present the final design of the new GPI PWFS. Included will be a description of the optical performance simulations completed and their results, and a detailed overview of the opto-mechanical design of the new PWFS bench.
Recent changes to the Montreal Protocol have led to the eventual phase-out of hydrofluorocarbon-based refrigerants due to their high global warming potential (GWP). TMT has thus transitioned from R507 (GWP ~ 3900) to CO2 (GWP =1) as the primary observatory supplied refrigerant. Thus, the cooling system for NFIRAOS (TMT’s first light adaptive optics system) was redesigned to work with this high pressure refrigerant. In this paper, we describe the key refrigeration requirements and present the updated design of the NFIRAOS cooling system, including its overall architecture, main components and safety related features. To de-risk aspects of the design and to assess vibration levels of the system (critical for the AO system performance) a prototype CO2 cooling system was built and characterized. Key measurement results are presented.
The Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Centre has established a comprehensive and versatile vibration measurement capability. In recent years, HAA personnel have executed a number of diverse vibration measurement projects, including recent vibration transmission measurements at Gemini South. In this paper we describe the HAA’s vibration measurement capabilities, including the equipment and experimental approaches that have been used. We will provide some illustrative examples of recent applications and results, and highlight plans for further development of our capabilities.
NFIRAOS (Narrow-Field InfraRed Adaptive Optics System) will be the first-light multi-conjugate adaptive optics system for the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT). NFIRAOS houses all of its opto-mechanical sub-systems within an optics enclosure cooled to precisely -30°C in order to improve sensitivity in the near-infrared. It supports up to three client science instruments, including the first-light InfraRed Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS). Powering NFIRAOS is a Real Time Controller that will process the signals from six laser wavefront sensors, one natural guide star pyramid WFS, up to three low-order on-instrument WFS and up to four guide windows on the client instrument’s science detector in order to correct for atmospheric turbulence, windshake, optical errors and plate-scale distortion. NFIRAOS is currently preparing for its final design review in late June 2018 at NRC Herzberg in Victoria, British Columbia in partnership with Canadian industry and TMT.
The Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics (HIA), AMEC Dynamic Structures Ltd. and several other Canadian university groups are currently in the initial phases of designing a new 20-25 metre class, ground-based, optical telescope called the Large Optical Telescope (LOT). At more than six times the collecting area of current state-of-the-art telescopes, the LOT will enable Canadian astronomers to continue carrying out forefront astronomical research. However, the LOT presents difficult design challenges not encountered with previous observatories. The successful design, construction and operation of the LOT will not only require detailed studies of all major telescope subsystems but will also require a fully integrated model of the entire observatory.
The adaptive optics system for the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) is the Narrow-Field InfraRed Adaptive Optics System (NFIRAOS). Recently, INO has been involved in the optomechanical design of several subsystems of NFIRAOS, including the Instrument Selection Mirror (ISM), the NFIRAOS Beamsplitters (NBS), and the NFIRAOS Source Simulator system (NSS) comprising the Focal Plane Mask (FPM), the Laser Guide Star (LGS) sources, and the Natural Guide Star (NGS) sources. This paper presents an overview of these subsystems and the optomechanical design approaches used to meet the optical performance requirements under environmental constraints.
The Narrow Field InfraRed Adaptive Optics System (NFIRAOS) will be the first-light facility adaptive optics system for the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT). In order to meet the optical performance and stability specifications essential to leveraging the extraordinary capabilities of the TMT, all of the optical components within NFIRAOS will be protected within a large thermally-controlled optics enclosure (ENCL). Among the many functions performed by the ENCL, the most critical functions include providing a highly stable, light-tight, cold, dry environment maintained at 243±0.5 K for the NFIRAOS opto-mechanical sub-systems and supporting TABL structure. Although the performance of the ENCL during the science operation of NFIRAOS is critical, the maximum thermal loading will be defined by the cooldown/ warm-up cycle which must be accomplished within a time-frame that will minimize the on-sky operational impact due to daytime maintenance work. This study describes the thermal/mechanical design development and supporting analyses (analytical and finite element analyses (FEA)) completed during the preliminary design phase and through the current progression of the ENCL final design phase. The walls of the ENCL consist of interlocking, multilayered, thermally insulated panels, which are supported by an externally located structural framework which attaches to the NFIRAOS Instrument Support Structure. The regulation of the interior ENCL wall surface temperature to within ±0.5 K requires that the heat flux into the interior of NFIRAOS be eliminated by cooling a thermal conduction plate embedded between multiple layers of insulation. The thermal design of the enclosure was evaluated for both steady-state (SS) performance and transient performance (cool-down and warm-up cycles). The transient analysis utilizes a hybrid of a one-dimensional thermal network approach combined with three-dimensional conjugate heat transfer analyses of explicit opto-mechanical components within the ENCL. Many design-parameter combinations were evaluated to determine the performance impact of cooling power and transient temperature profiles. The results derived from the analyses of these design iterations indicate the multi-layer enclosure wall design will meet all thermal requirements. During SS operation, the interior temperature variation is within ±0.5 K of the target operational temperature, while the heat influx from the exterior TMT environment is 1528 W (extracted by the embedded cold plate). The transient cool-down cycle will take approximately 15 hours to complete and requires the in-situ air handling units to deliver 14KW of cooling power (derated for the TMT site conditions) throughout the interior space of the NFIRAOS ENCL.
The Narrow Field InfraRed Adaptive Optics System (NFIRAOS) will be the first-light facility Adaptive Optics (AO) system for the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT). NFIRAOS will be able to host three science instruments that can take advantage of this high performance system. NRC Herzberg is leading the design effort for this critical TMT subsystem. As part of the final design phase of NFIRAOS, we have identified multiple subsystems to be sub-contracted to Canadian industry. The scope of work for each subcontract is guided by the NFIRAOS Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) and is divided into two phases: the completion of the final design and the fabrication, assembly and delivery of the final product. Integration of the subsystems at NRC will require a detailed understanding of the interfaces between the subsystems, and this work has begun by defining the interface physical characteristics, stability, local coordinate systems, and alignment features. In order to maintain our stringent performance requirements, the interface parameters for each subsystem are captured in multiple performance budgets, which allow a bottom-up error estimate. In this paper we discuss our approach for defining the interfaces in a consistent manner and present an example error budget that is influenced by multiple subsystems.
NFIRAOS is the first light adaptive optics system for the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT). NFIRAOS components are maintained at a stable -30°C ±0.5°C by embedding an actively cooled refrigeration system in the walls of the NFIRAOS enclosure. Three instruments are attached to interface ports in the NFIRAOS enclosure and are required to be thermally stable while the instrument rotates in place. Additionally, instruments must be installed and removed while NFIRAOS is cold to avoid lengthy cool-down cycles. A portion of the actively cooled enclosure system and the interface has been prototyped at NRC-Herzberg. We present a description of the design of the interface and results of testing so far and lessons learned.
KEYWORDS: Actuators, Finite element methods, Near field optics, Optical mounts, Mirrors, Infrared telescopes, Adaptive optics, Adhesives, Interfaces, Thirty Meter Telescope
This study describes the design evolution, finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental testing completed to develop
the large optical mounts for the Near-Field IR Adaptive Optics System (NFIRAOS), the facility Adaptive Optics system
for the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT). The mount design incorporates a unique combination of bonded flexure-based
linear actuators and a roller-chain radial support. Extensive FEA was completed to refine the design to ensure the final
mount design will meet the required operational performance. Experimental work was conducted to ensure that the
suitability of the bonded interface between the optic and the flexures and to verify that the high bond stiffness did not
cause fracture of the glass during thermal cycling.
This paper describes the current opto-mechanical design of NFIRAOS (Narrow Field InfraRed Adaptive Optics System) for the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT). The preliminary design update review for NFIRAOS was successfully held in December 2011, and incremental design progress has since occurred on several fronts. The majority of NFIRAOS is housed within an insulated and cooled enclosure, and operates at -30 C to reduce background emissivity. The cold optomechanics are attached to a space-frame structure, kinematically supported by bipods that penetrate the insulated enclosure. The bipods are attached to an exo-structure at ambient temperature, which also supports up to three client science instruments and a science calibration unit.
NFIRAOS is the first-light adaptive optics system planned for the Thirty Meter Telescope, and is being designed at the
National Research Council of Canada's Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics. NFIRAOS is a laser guide star multiconjugate
adaptive optics system - a practical approach to providing diffraction limited image quality in the NIR over a
30" field of view, with high sky coverage. This will enable a wide range of TMT science that depends upon the large
corrected field of view and high precision astrometry and photometry. We review recent progress developing the design
and conducting performance estimates for NFIRAOS.
We provide an update on the development of the first light adaptive optics systems for the Thirty Meter Telescope
(TMT) over the past two years. The first light AO facility for TMT consists of the Narrow Field Infra-Red AO
System (NFIRAOS) and the associated Laser Guide Star Facility (LGSF). This order 60 × 60 laser guide star
(LGS) multi-conjugate AO (MCAO) architecture will provide uniform, diffraction-limited performance in the
J, H, and K bands over 17-30 arc sec diameter fields with 50 per cent sky coverage at the galactic pole, as
is required to support TMT science cases. Both NFIRAOS and the LGSF have successfully completed design
reviews during the last twelve months. We also report on recent progress in AO component prototyping, control
algorithm development, and system performance analysis.
NFIRAOS, the TMT Observatory's initial facility AO system is a
multi-conjugate AO system feeding science light from
0.8 to 2.5 microns wavelength to several near-IR client instruments. NFIRAOS has two deformable mirrors optically
conjugated to 0 and 11.2 km, and will correct atmospheric turbulence with 50 per cent sky coverage at the galactic pole.
An important requirement is to have very low background: the plan is to cool the optics; and one DM is on a tip/tilt stage
to reduce surface count. NFIRAOS' real time control uses multiple sodium laser wavefront sensors and up to three IR
natural guide star tip/tilt and/or tip/tilt/focus sensors located within each client instrument. Extremely large telescopes
are sensitive to errors due to the variability of the sodium layer. To reduce this sensitivity, NFIRAOS uses innovative
algorithms coupled with Truth wavefront sensors to monitor a natural star at low bandwidth. It also includes an IR acquisition
camera, and a high speed NGS WFS for operation without lasers. For calibration, NFIRAOS includes simulators
of both natural stars at infinity and laser guide stars at varying range distance. Because astrometry is an important
science programme for NFIRAOS, there is a precision pinhole mask deployable at the input focal plane. This mask is
illuminated by a science wavelength and flat-field calibrator that shines light into NFIRAOS' entrance window. We
report on recent effort especially including trade studies to reduce field distortion in the science path and to reduce cost
and complexity.
Adaptive optics (AO) is essential for many elements of the science case for the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT). The
initial requirements for the observatory's facility AO system include diffraction-limited performance in the near IR, with
50 per cent sky coverage at the galactic pole. Point spread function uniformity and stability over a 30 arc sec field-ofview
are also required for precision photometry and astrometry. These capabilities will be achieved via an order 60×60
multi-conjugate AO system (NFIRAOS) with two deformable mirrors, six laser guide star wavefront sensors, and three
low-order, IR, natural guide star wavefront sensors within each client instrument. The associated laser guide star facility
(LGSF) will employ 150W of laser power at a wavelength of 589 nm to generate the six laser guide stars.
We provide an update on the progress in designing, modeling, and validating these systems and their components over
the last two years. This includes work on the layouts and detailed designs of NFIRAOS and the LGSF; fabrication and
test of a full-scale prototype tip/tilt stage (TTS); Conceptual Designs Studies for the real time controller (RTC) hardware
and algorithms; fabrication and test of the detectors for the
laser- and natural-guide star wavefront sensors; AO system
modeling and performance optimization; lab tests of wavefront sensing algorithms for use with elongated laser guide
stars; and high resolution LIDAR measurements of the mesospheric sodium layer. Further details may be found in
specific papers on each of these topics.
This paper presents a design of a variable size spatial filter used in the wavefront sensor subsystem
of the Gemini Planet Imager instrument. It describes an adjustable mechanism consisting of two
slides forming a square aperture which can be varied in size between 1.8 and 6.7 mm. These slides
are located on athermalized flexure mounts that move opposite to one another driven by a single
precision linear actuator. The device retains long term dimensional stability, resolution, and
repeatability on a micron level for all gravity vector orientations and for temperatures between -5°C
and + 25°C.
The increasing demand within the astronomy community for direct detection of extrasolar Jovian planets is driving the
development of the next generation of ground-based, precision instruments like the Gemini Planet Imager (GPI). The
precision and stability of the opto-mechanical components within GPI needed to achieve the required 10-7 contrast will
challenge the limits of design and material properties. This study examines the challenge of mounting small, high-precision
mirrors (~1nm RMS WFE) for all gravity orientations, for 30°C temperature fluctuations and for vibration
conditions typical of a cassegrain-mounted instrument on the Gemini telescopes. Various flexure-based mounting
schemes, typically used for small optics (12 mm to 50 mm diameter), are considered in the context of the GPI opto-mechanical
requirements. Through this study several candidate designs are selected for detailed investigation. The
further design, analysis, and optimization of these candidate flexure designs are presented and evaluated against the
relevant requirements. Special consideration and discussion is devoted to finite element analysis techniques and
optimization procedures. Finally, the chosen flexure configuration is prescribed for the range of mirror sizes within GPI.
Small deformable mirrors (DMs) produced using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) techniques have been used
in thermally stable, bench-top laboratory environments. With advances in MEMS DM technology, a variety of field
applications are becoming more common, such as the Gemini Planet Imager's (GPI) adaptive optics system.
Instruments at the Gemini Observatory operate in conditions where fluctuating ambient temperature, varying gravity
orientations and humidity and dust can have a significant affect on DM performance. As such, it is crucial that the
mechanical design of the MEMS DM be tailored to the environment. GPI's approach has been to mount the MEMS DM
using high performance optical mounting techniques rather than a typical laboratory set-up. This paper discusses the
design of the opto-mechanical mounting scheme for a 4096 actuator MEMS DM, developed by Boston Micromachines
Corporation for use in the GPI adaptive optics system. Flexures have been incorporated into the DM mount to reduce
deformations on the optical surface due to thermal fluctuations. These flexures have also been sized to maintain
alignment under varying gravity vector orientations. Finally, a system for environmentally sealing the mirror has been
designed to prevent degradation due to humidity effects. A plan for testing the mechanical mount to ensure that it meets
GPI's performance and environmental requirements is also presented.
Design of an extremely large optical telescope poses many technical challenges. One of these challenges includes the design of an enclosure that meets the necessary functional requirements while minimizing the financial cost. This study
describes the conceptual design of the Thirty Meter Telescope enclosure. Initially, four general enclosure styles were
considered including calotte, dome-shutter, carousel and co-rotating enclosure styles. Progressively detailed
comparative studies were completed to evaluate the structural, mechanical, aerodynamic, thermal and operational
characteristics of the candidates, and the associated capital and operational costs. As a result, the calotte enclosure was
selected as the preferred configuration to carry forward through the conceptual design phase. Continuing design and
analysis have brought all of the major calotte enclosure subsystems to a conceptual design level.
The Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics has developed Integrated Modeling tools for the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) project. This simulation software, implemented in MATLAB, models the telescope optical system, structural dynamics, and the segmented primary mirror and secondary mirror active optical control systems. For the TMT project, the integrated model was used to assess the effect of wind loading on the telescope in terms of delivered image quality. The simulation includes a state-space model of the telescope structural dynamics derived from an ANSYS finite element model, a linear optics model derived from a ZEMAX prescription, and wind loading forces derived from PowerFLOW computational dynamics software. The overall complexity of the model necessitates rigorous validation and verification procedures to ensure that the simulation data structures properly represent the original design, and that the calculations performed by the system are reliable. In this paper we discuss the validation and verification of the model data structures, structural configuration, optical configuration, coordinate system transforms, linear optics model, Zernike calculations, and wind loading model. As a case study, we present the verification, validation, and simulation results of the Thirty Meter Telescope Reference Design.
The National Research Council's Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics (NRC-HIA) has developed an opto-mechanical integrated modeling toolset called TM-IM. This time-domain state-space toolset has been implemented using Matlab/Simulink/C. The toolset was originally developed for the Very Large Optical Telescope (VLOT) design work, and continued when Canada joined in the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) project. The TM-IM toolset has been developed to accommodate different structural and optical designs and has been used to evaluate telescope performance to assist in making decisions for the TMT reference design expected fall 2004. Preliminary results include delivered image quality as a function of wind loading on the structure, primary and secondary mirror, and the simulation of an Adaptive Optics system which provides control feedback to the primary mirror.
A sound system engineering approach and the appropriate tools to support it are essential in achieving the scientific and financial objectives of the Thirty Meter Telescope project. Major elements of the required tool set are those providing estimates for the performance of the telescope. During the last couple of years, the partners in the consortium developed a wide range of modeling and simulation tools with various levels of fidelity and flexibility. There are models available for time domain and frequency domain simulations and analysis, as well as for lower fidelity, parametric investigations of design trade-offs and for high fidelity, integrated modeling of structure, optics and control. Presented are characteristic simulation results using the existing preliminary point designs of the TMT, with emphasis on the telescope performance degradation due to wind buffeting. Under the conditions modeled, the wind induced image jitter and image quality degradation was found comparable to good atmospheric seeing.
A variety of aerodynamic studies have been completed to assist in the development of an integrated model for the Thirty Meter Telescope. These studies investigated the characteristics of wind loading on the Canadian Very Large Optical Telescope (VLOT) and produced preliminary data for input into the VLOT integrated model. We describe the details of, and present the results from, the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analyses and wind tunnel (WT) tests. The validity of the CFD results is assessed through correlation studies that compare the CFD and WT results. Through extensive comparison of the mean and RMS coefficients of pressure and the power spectral density plots of the pressures within the enclosure, excellent correlations between the experimental and computational results are shown.
KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Telescopes, Turbulence, Space telescopes, Optical instrument design, Systems modeling, Performance modeling, Secondary tip-tilt mirrors, Wind measurement, Control systems
A parametric model of the dynamic performance of an optical telescope
due to wind-buffeting is presented. The model is being developed to
support the design of next generation segmented-mirror optical telescopes through enabling rapid design iterations and allowing a more thorough exploration of the design space. A realistic performance assessment requires parametric descriptions of the wind, the structural dynamics, active control of the structure, and the optical response. The current model and its assumptions are presented, with the primary emphasis being on the parameterization of the wind forces. Understanding the temporal spectrum and spatial distribution of wind disturbances inside the telescope enclosure is one of the most challenging aspects in developing the overall parametric model. This involves integrating information from wind tunnel tests, computational fluid dynamics, and measurements at existing observatories. The potential and limitations of control to mitigate the response are also discussed, with realistic constraints on the control bandwidth obtained from the detailed structural model of a particular point design. Finally, initial results are presented on performance trends with a few key parameter variations.
KEYWORDS: Adaptive optics, Integrated modeling, Telescopes, Mirrors, Space telescopes, Device simulation, Systems modeling, Data modeling, Ray tracing, Finite element methods
The integrated modeling tools for Canada's 20-meter telescope model, VLOT, have advanced significantly in the last year. Specifically, the flexibility of the tool and the pre-processing and post-processing functions have been enhanced. Also, closed loop control of the primary mirror and feeding the optical displacements through an adaptive optics tool, have been developed. This paper details the enhancements made to the tool and discusses the future challenges of the integrated modeling team.
A variety of aerodynamic studies are ongoing to assist in the development of an integrated model for the Canadian Very Large Optical Telescope (VLOT). The purpose of these studies is to investigate the characteristics of wind loading on VLOT and to produce preliminary data for input into the VLOT integrated model. We describe these various aerodynamic studies, which include analytical and statistical approximations, computational fluid dynamics analyses and wind tunnel testing. Next, we present the methods developed for coupling the wind loads into the structural dynamics module within the VLOT integrated model. Preliminary results from the computational fluid dynamics and wind tunnel studies are presented. Finally, the future plans for expanded studies and characterization of primary mirror seeing and dome seeing are outlined.
We describe the VLOT integrated model, which simulates the telescope optical performance under the influence of external disturbances including wind. Details of the implementation in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment are given, and the data structures are described. The structural to optical interface is detailed, including a discussion of coordinate transformations. The optical model includes both an interface with ZEMAX to perform raytracing analysis and an efficient Linear Optics Model for producing telescope optical path differences from within MATLAB. An extensive set of optical analysis routines has been developed for use with the integrated model. The telescope finite element model, state-space formulation and the high fidelity 1500 mode modal state-space structural dynamics model are presented. Control systems and wind models are described. We present preliminary results, showing the delivered image quality under the influence of wind on the primary mirror, with and without primary mirror control.
Canada has pursued conceptual design work and technical studies related to a 20-m segmented mirror telescope (VLOT). This paper provides an overview of the Canadian effort over the last 3 years. VLOT can achieve exciting and significant scientific goals that are not possible with today's 8-meter class telescopes. The scientific promise of instruments on a 20-m telescope enhanced by adaptive optics is particularly exciting. The technical work done thus far indicates that while there are many challenges in designing and constructing a VLOT and its instruments, a 20-m telescope is feasible and achievable without major advances in technology.
A 350GHz 4 × 4 element heterodyne focal plane array using SIS detectors is presently being constructed for the JCMT. The construction is being carried out by a collaborative group led by the MRAO, part of the Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, in conjunction with the UK-Astronomy Technology Centre (UK-ATC), The Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics (HIA) and the Joint Astronomy Center (JAC). The Delft Institute of Microelectronics & Sub-micron Technology (DIMES) is fabricating junctions for the SIS mixers that have been designed at MRAO.
Working in conjunction with the 'ACSIS' correlator & imaging system, HARP-B will provide 3-dimensional imaging capability with high sensitivity at 325 to 375GHz. This will be the first sub-mm spectral imaging system on JCMT - complementing the continuum imaging capability of SCUBA - and affording significantly improved productivity in terms of speed of mapping. The core specification for the array is that the combination of the receiver noise temperature and beam efficiency, weighted optimally across the array will be <330K SSB for the central 20GHz of the tuning range.
In technological terms, HARP-B synthesizes a number of interesting and innovative features across all elements of the design. This paper presents both a technical and organizational overview of the HARP-B project and gives a description of all of the key design features of the instrument. 'First light' on the instrument is currently anticipated in spring 2004.
KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Mirrors, Adaptive optics, Space telescopes, Optical instrument design, Point spread functions, Silicon carbide, Sensors, Stars, Control systems
A design is proposed for a 20 m Canadian Very Large Optical Telescope (VLOT). This design meets the science, schedule, and availability requirements of the Canadian astronomical community. The telescope could be operational by early in the next decade to complement the science discoveries of the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST) and Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA). This design is suitable for location on the Mauna Kea summit ridge, and could replace the current 3.6 m CFHT telescope. The telescope structure provides room for two vertically oriented Nasmyth instruments, implements a very stiff monocoque mirror cell, and offers a short and direct load path to the telescope mount. A Calotte style dome structure offers many advantages over current designs including lower and more even power requirements, and a circular aperture that will better protect the telescope structure from wind buffeting. The science requirements are presented, and the telescope optical design, primary mirror pupil segmentation options, including hexagonal segments and a radial segment design with a central 8 m mirror, are considered. Point spread function plots and encircled energy calculations show that there is no significant diffraction performance difference between the options except that hexagonal segments in the 1 m point-to-point range appear to deliver poorer PSF's as compared to 2 m and larger segments. Plans for implementation of a Matlab based integrated telescope model are discussed. A summary of adaptive optics system issues for large telescopes is presented along with plans for future research in AO.
The Gemini North Adaptive Optics Instrument is currently under construction at the Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, National Research Council Canada. In the Altair design, many optical components must be positioned relative to one another within micron-level tolerances. These relative positions are required to be stable over the life of the instrument, all optical components will be mounted to an optical bench. The choice of materials and manufacturing processes are key to the long-term dimensional stability of the optical bench and represent a significant engineering challenge. The candidate materials and manufacturing processes are key to the long-term dimensional stability of the optical bench and represent a significant engineering challenge. The candidate materials and manufacturing options will be discussed. In addition, the final design, and the manufacturing and heat-treatment processes for the Altair optical bench will be presented.
The Convex Camera Structure (CCS) is a welded Invar structure that supports of the final two optical elements in the Altair science path. The CCS assembly holds the large camera mirror, a 295 mm diameter off-axis conic, in close relation with the smaller convex mirror, a 146 mm diameter off-axis conic. The image quality requirement imposed stringent spatial tolerance between the two mirrors: +/- 45 micrometers in axial separation, +/- 70 micrometers in decenter and +/- 30 arcsecond in allowable tilt. These tolerances include contributions from initial alignment error, geometrical and dimensional changes due to gravity and temperature. This paper gives an overview of the CCS and its associated components. Flexures are integral part of the CCS assembly, they are utilized to connect the CCS to the aluminum main optical bench, the mirror to the six degree- of-freedom mount, and the 6DOF mount to the CCS end plate. The design considerations and engineering analyses of the CCS assembly are outlined.
Altair is the facility adaptive optics system for the Gemini-North 8-meter Telescope. This paper gives an overview of the key mechanical systems and feature of Altair including the optical bench assembly mechanics and opto- mechanics, the instrument structure, and the electronics enclosure.
Brent Carlson, Luc Bauwens, Leonid Belostotski, Elizabeth Cannon, Ya-Ying Chang, Xiaohui Deng, Peter Dewdney, Joeleff Fitzsimmons, David Halliday, Kai Kuerschner, Gerard Lachapelle, David Lo, Pedram Mousavi, Meyer Nahon, Lot Shafai, Sigfried Stiemer, Russell Taylor, Bruce Veidt
The Large Adaptive Reflector (LAR) is a concept for a low- cost, large aperture, wideband, radio telescope, designed to operate over the wavelength range from 2 m to 1.4 cm. It consists of a 200-m diameter actuated-surface parabolic reflector with a focal length of 500 m, mounted flat on the ground. The feed is held in place by a tension-structure, consisting of three or more tethers tensioned by the lift of a large, helium-filled aerostat -- a stiff structure that effectively resists wind forces. The telescope is steered by simultaneously changing the lengths of the tethers with winches (thus the position of the feed) and by modifying the shape of the reflector. At all times the reflector configuration is that of an offset parabolic antenna, with the capability to point anywhere in the sky above approximately 15 degree Elevation Angle. At mid-range wavelengths, the feed is a multi-beam prime-focus phased array, about 5 m diameter; at meter wavelengths, it is a single-beam phased array of up to 10 m diameter. Simulations have shown that in operating wind conditions (10 m/s average speed with 2.5 m/s gusts), the position of the feed platform can be stabilized to within a few cm over time scales of approximately 20 s. Research indicates that the telescope concept is feasible and that an order of magnitude improvement in cost per m2 of collecting area over traditional designs of large parabolic antennas can be achieved.
The Large Adaptive Reflector (LAR), currently being developed at the National Research Council Canada, is a low-cost, large- aperture, wide-band, cm-wave radio telescope designed for implementation in the Square Kilometer Array (SKA). The LAR consists of a 200 m diameter, actuated-surface, parabolic reflector with a feed located at a 500 m focal length. Since the feed must be positioned on a 500 m hemisphere centered about the reflector and between a zenith angle of 0 degree(s) to 60 degree(s), an innovative method for feed positioning is required. This feed positioning will be achieved using a high- tension structure consisting of a 4100 m3 helium aerostat supporting an array of tethers. The length of each tether can be controlled through the use of winches, resulting in accurate control of the feed position. The feasibility of the tethered aerostat feed-positioning system is of critical importance to the success of the LAR. Extensive steady-state analyses of the multi-tethered aerostat have been completed and provide strong evidence that this feed-positioning system will operate reliably in moderate weather conditions (10 m/s constant wind velocity with 2.5 m/s wind gusts). The framework of these analyses and the corresponding results will be presented.
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