The Submillimeter array (SMA) is an array of 8 antennas operating at millimeter and sub-millimeter frequencies on Maunakea, Hawaii. At present, the frequency coverage of the SMA is from 180 to 420 GHz. Here we describe the challenges and progress of the SMA in implementing the wideband upgrade: the wSMA project, that we are undertaking. The existing or legacy instrument at the SMA consists of 4 single polarization Double-Side-Band (DSB) receivers. They are housed in a single cryostat with an aging He-4 GM/JT cryocooler. At the heart of the wSMA upgrade is a new receiver cryostat, cooled by a Cryomech PT410-RM pulse tube. The cryostat houses two dual-polarized receiver cartridges equipped with DSB SIS mixers. New Local Oscillator (LO) subsystems, based on a Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO), as well as new mixer control electronics and IF processing upgrades are being introduced. Since there are differences between the existing SMA instrumentation and the new wSMA receiver system, in terms of sky frequency coverage and the available modes of operation, there are significant challenges of operating the legacy systems and the new wSMA instruments in parallel during the transition period. As it will take several years to replace the instrumentation in all 8 antennas, a detailed plan has been laid out to integrate the new instrument hardware and software packages into the array. We will present the transition plan to full wSMA operation, and we will also describe the antenna infrastructure changes, focusing on repurposing existing equipment and optics. In this presentation we will also discuss the comprehensive installation plan, in which the new wSMA cryostat, together with its associated compressor, chiller, electronics, LO's, cartridges, vacuum system are to be installed into the existing receiver cabin space. Another aspect of the project is to upgrade the internal computer networking that will be a key element of the upgrade, allowing the access and control of the distributed microcontrollers used in the entire instrumentation. The wSMA upgrade is expected to enhance the SMA's capabilities, further improve its sensitivity, as well as widening the Intermediate Frequency (IF) bandwidth. The transition plan that we have drawn up ensures that the wSMA upgrade will be easy to operate and will reduce the maintenance requirements by the SMA technical staff.
KEYWORDS: Field programmable gate arrays, Analog to digital converters, Analog electronics, Receivers, Design, Signal processing, Digital signal processing, Prototyping, Power consumption, Interfaces
This paper describes specification and early design of back end signal processing subsystems for the Black Hole Explorer (BHEX) Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) space telescope. The“back end” consists of two subsystems. First, the block downconveter (BDC) is a heterodyne system that performs a frequency translation of the analog signal from IF to baseband and amplifies and filters it for digitization. Second, the digital back end (DBE) samples the analog signal with an analog-to-digital converters (ADC) and digitally processes the data stream formatting them to the VLBI “VDIF” standard and converting to Ethernet packets for 100 gigabitper-second (Gb/s) Ethernet transport to the optical downlink system. Both the BDC and the DBE for BHEX support eight channels of 4.096 GHz bandwidth each, for a total processed bandwidth of 32.768 GHz. The BHEX back end benefits from mature terrestrial back end heritage, described in some detail. The BHEX back end itself is in the early stages of design, with requirements, interface specifications, and component trade studies well advanced. The aim is to build a prototype using terrestrial grade parts which are available in functionally identical space grade equivalents, and to use this prototype to advance the back end Technology Readiness Level (TRL) preparing for a Small Explorer (SMEX) proposal in 2025.
After having adapted the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) atmospheric phase monitoring system that was developed for the submillimeter array (SMA), IRAM is currently refining the concept for a future permanent implementation on the northern extended millimeter array (NOEMA) site. This system is based on commercial low noise block attached to a satellite dish that receive signal from geostationary satellites. The baselines (one so far) amplitude and phase are processed to provide real-time statistical data in the direction of the satellite and give information about the atmospheric phase distortion experienced by the NOEMA interferometer antennas.
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