KEYWORDS: Machine learning, Tumors, Data analysis, Breast, Spatial resolution, Magnetic resonance imaging, Breast cancer, Computer aided diagnosis and therapy
Accurate methods for breast cancer diagnosis are of capital importance for selection and guidance of treatment and optimal patient outcomes. In dynamic contrast enhancing magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI), the accurate differentiation of benign and malignant breast tumors that present as non-mass enhancing (NME) lesions is challenging, often resulting in unnecessary biopsies. Here we propose a new approach for the accurate diagnosis of such lesions with high resolution DCE-MRI by taking advantage of seven robust classification methods to discriminate between malignant and benign NME lesions using their dynamic curves at the voxel level, and test it in a manually delineated dataset. The tested approaches achieve a diagnostic accuracy up to 94% accuracy, sensitivity of 99 % and specificity of 90% respectively, with superiority of high temporal compared to high spatial resolution sequences.
Statistical learning and decision theory play a key role in many areas of science and engineering. Some examples include time series regression and prediction, optical character recognition, signal detection in communications or biomedical applications for diagnosis and prognosis. This paper deals with the topic of learning from biomedical image data in the classification problem. In a typical scenario we have a training set that is employed to fit a prediction model or learner and a testing set on which the learner is applied to in order to predict the outcome for new unseen patterns. Both processes are usually completely separated to avoid over-fitting and due to the fact that, in practice, the unseen new objects (testing set) have unknown outcomes. However, the outcome yields one of a discrete set of values, i.e. the binary diagnosis problem. Thus, assumptions on these outcome values could be established to obtain the most likely prediction model at the training stage, that could improve the overall classification accuracy on the testing set, or keep its performance at least at the level of the selected statistical classifier. In this sense, a novel case-based learning (c-learning) procedure is proposed which combines hypothesis testing from a discrete set of expected outcomes and a cross-validated classification stage.
18F-DMFP-PET is a neuroimaging modality that allows us to analyze the striatal dopamine. Thus, it is recently emerging as an effective tool to assist the diagnosis of Parkinsonism and differentiate among parkinsonian syndromes. However the analysis of these data, which require specific preprocessing methods, is still poorly covered. In this work we demonstrate a novel methodology based on Hidden Markov Random Fields (HMRF) and the Gaussian distribution to preprocess 18F-DMFP-PET data. First, we performed a selection of voxels based on the analysis of the histogram in order to remove low-signal regions and regions outside the brain. Specifically, we modeled the histogram of intensities of a neuroimage with a mixture of two Gaussians and then, using a HMRF algorithm the voxels corresponding to the low-intensity Gaussian were discarded. This procedure is similar to the tissue segmentation usually applied to Magnetic Resonance Imaging data. Secondly, the intensity of the selected voxels was scaled so that the Gaussian that models the histogram for each neuroimage has same mean and standard deviation. This step made comparable the data from different patients, without removing the characteristic patterns of each patient's disorder. The proposed approach was evaluated using a computer system based on statistical classification that separated the neuroimages according to the parkinsonian variant they represented. The proposed approach achieved higher accuracy rates than standard approaches for voxel selection (based on atlases) and intensity normalization (based on the global mean).
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