Dr. Ken Kobayashi Profile

Dr. Ken Kobayashi

AST at NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr

SPIE Involvement:

Author

Publications (36)

Proceedings Article | 27 September 2023 Presentation

Probing the sun with imaging spectrographs

Amy Winebarger, P. Athiray, Amir Caspi, Patrick Champey, Ken Kobayashi, Charles Kankelborg, Katharine Reeves

Proceedings Volume 12678, 126780M (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2681266

KEYWORDS: Sun, Spectrographs, Solar processes, Spectrometers, Solar energy, Algorithm development, X-rays, X-ray imaging, Stars, Spectroscopy

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Proceedings Article | 27 September 2023 Presentation

An overview of MaGIXS-2: the second flight of the Marshall Grazing Incidence X-ray Spectrometer

Patrick Champey, Amy Winebarger, Sabrina Savage, Ken Kobayashi, P. Athiray, Adam Kobelski, Genevieve Vigil, Brent Beabout, Dyana Beabout, Edward Hertz, Peter Cheimets, Leon Golub, Jagan Ranganathan, Bruce Weddendorf

Proceedings Volume 12678, 1267814 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2682232

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Spectroscopy, Grazing incidence, Telescopes, Equipment, Reflection gratings, Optical gratings, Blazed gratings, Spectrographs, Sand

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Proceedings Article | 29 August 2022 Presentation

Update on the Full-sun Rocket SpecTrometer (FURST) portable VUV calibration system

Genevieve Vigil, Nicolas Donders, Ken Kobayashi, Amy Winebarger, Charles Kankelborg

Proceedings Volume 12181, 121810F (2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2630065

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Rockets, Vacuum ultraviolet, Spectroscopy, Space telescopes, Lamps, Hubble Space Telescope, Ultraviolet radiation, Sun, Standards development

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SPIE Journal Paper | 27 September 2021 Open Access

Design for a portable calibration system for the Full-sun UV Rocket SpecTrometer instrument

Genevieve Vigil, Amy Winebarger, Laurel Rachmeler, Nicolas Donders, P. Subramania Athiray, Ken Kobayashi, Charles Kankelborg

JATIS, Vol. 7, Issue 03, 035009, (September 2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.JATIS.7.3.035009

KEYWORDS: Calibration, Rockets, Ultraviolet radiation, Cameras, Spectroscopy, Vacuum ultraviolet, Spectral calibration, Sensors, Platinum, Sun

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Proceedings Article | 13 December 2020 Poster + Paper

Optical design of the Chromospheric LAyer Spectro-Polarimeter (CLASP2)

Toshihiro Tsuzuki, Ryohko Ishikawa, Ryouhei Kano, Noriyuki Narukage, Donguk Song, Masaki Yoshida, Fumihiro Uraguchi, Takenori Okamoto, David McKenzie, Ken Kobayashi, Laurel Rachmeler, Frederic Auchere, Javier Trujillo Bueno

Proceedings Volume 11444, 114446W (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2562273

KEYWORDS: Optical design, Polarization, Magnetism, Rockets, Scattering, Zeeman effect, Off axis mirrors, Mirrors, Solar processes, Vacuum ultraviolet

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Proceedings Article | 13 December 2020 Poster

Calibration of the MaGIXS solar sounding rocket experiment

P. S. Athiray, Patrick Champey, Amy Winebarger, Ken Kobayashi, Sabrina Savage, Genevieve Vigil, Peter Cheimets, Edward Hertz, Anthony Guillory, Harlan Haight, William Hogue, Ernest Wright, Jeffrey Kegley, Steven Johnson, Richard Siler

Proceedings Volume 11444, 114445R (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2562874

KEYWORDS: Calibration, X-rays, Rockets, Spectroscopy, X-ray imaging, Grazing incidence, Imaging spectroscopy, Plasma, Temperature metrology, Optical instrument design

Proceedings Article | 13 December 2020 Poster + Paper

Alignment of the Marshall Grazing Incidence X-ray Spectrometer (MaGIXS) telescope mirror and spectrometer optics assemblies

Edward Hertz, Peter Cheimets, Jacob Hohl, Jenna Samra, Vanessa Marquez, Amy Winebarger, Patrick Champey, Ken Kobayashi, Sabrina Savage, Leon Golub, Alexander Bruccoleri, Ralf Heilmann, Mark Schattenburg, Brian Ramsey

Proceedings Volume 11444, 114448A (2020) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2576145

KEYWORDS: Spectroscopy, Mirrors, X-ray telescopes, Optical alignment, X-rays, Grazing incidence, X-ray optics, Telescopes, Sun, Spatial resolution

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Proceedings Article | 23 September 2019 Presentation + Paper

X-ray evaluation of the Marshall Grazing Incidence X-ray Spectrometer (MaGIXS) nickel-replicated mirrors

Patrick Champey, Amy Winebarger, P. S. Athiray, Ken Kobayashi, Sabrina Savage, Jeffery Kolodziejczak, Jacqueline Davis, Charles Griffith, Edward Hertz, Peter Cheimets, Brian Ramsey

Proceedings Volume 11119, 1111917 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2532397

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Mirrors, Grazing incidence, Spectroscopy, Polishing, X-ray telescopes, Software, Nickel, Rockets, Metrology

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Proceedings Article | 6 July 2018 Presentation + Paper

The Marshall Grazing Incidence X-ray Spectrometer (MaGIXS)

Ken Kobayashi, Amy Winebarger, Sabrina Savage, Patrick Champey, Peter Cheimets, Edward Hertz, Alexander Bruccoleri, Jorg Scholvin , Leon Golub, Brian Ramsey, Jaganathan Ranganathan, Vanessa Marquez, Ryan Allured, Theodore Parker, Ralf Heilmann, Mark Schattenburg

Proceedings Volume 10699, 1069927 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2313997

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Spectrographs, Telescopes, X-rays, Space telescopes, Spectroscopy, Polishing, Cameras, Rockets, Diffraction gratings

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Proceedings Article | 29 August 2017 Paper

The Marshall Grazing Incidence X-ray Spectrometer

Ken Kobayashi, Amy Winebarger, Sabrina Savage, Patrick Champey, Peter Cheimets, Edward Hertz, Alexander Bruccoleri, Leon Golub, Brian Ramsey, Jaganathan Ranganathan, Vanessa Marquez, Ryan Allured, Theodore Parker, Ralf Heilmann, Mark Schattenburg

Proceedings Volume 10397, 103971I (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2276879

KEYWORDS: X-rays, Spectroscopy, Grazing incidence, Space telescopes, Diffraction gratings, Imaging spectroscopy, Rockets, Telescopes, Mirrors, Space mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 18 July 2016 Paper

On the alignment and focusing of the Marshall Grazing Incidence X-ray Spectrometer (MaGIXS)

Patrick Champey, Amy Winebarger, Ken Kobayashi, Sabrina Savage, Jonathan Cirtain, Peter Cheimets, Edward Hertz, Leon Golub, Brian Ramsey, Jeff McCracken, Vanessa Marquez, Ryan Allured, Ralf Heilmann, Mark Schattenburg, Alexander Bruccoleri

Proceedings Volume 9905, 990573 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2232820

KEYWORDS: Spectroscopy, X-rays, Spectroscopy, Space telescopes, X-rays, Mirrors, Telescopes, X-ray telescopes, Grazing incidence, Sensors, Optical mounts, Calibration

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Proceedings Article | 11 July 2016 Paper

Optical alignment of the Chromospheric Lyman-Alpha Spectro-Polarimeter using sophisticated methods to minimize activities under vacuum

G. Giono, Y. Katsukawa, R. Ishikawa, N. Narukage, R. Kano, M. Kubo, S. Ishikawa, T. Bando, H. Hara, Y. Suematsu, A. Winebarger, K. Kobayashi, F. Auchère, J. Trujillo Bueno

Proceedings Volume 9905, 99053D (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2232312

KEYWORDS: Optical alignment, Telescopes, Mirrors, Spectral resolution, Spectrographs, Spatial resolution, Polarization, Space telescopes, Coating, Monochromatic aberrations

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Proceedings Article | 11 July 2016 Paper

Chromospheric LAyer SpectroPolarimeter (CLASP2)

Noriyuki Narukage, David McKenzie, Ryoko Ishikawa, Javier Trujillo-Bueno, Bart De Pontieu, Masahito Kubo, Shin-nosuke Ishikawa, Ryouhei Kano, Yoshinori Suematsu, Masaki Yoshida, Laurel Rachmeler, Ken Kobayashi, Jonathan Cirtain, Amy Winebarger, Andres Asensio Ramos, Tanausu del Pino Aleman, Jiri Štĕpán, Luca Belluzzi, Juan Ignacio Larruquert, Frédéric Auchère, Jorrit Leenaarts, Mattias Carlsson

Proceedings Volume 9905, 990508 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2232245

KEYWORDS: Ultraviolet radiation, Sensors, Mirrors, Spectral resolution, Spectrographs, Optical coatings, Microchannel plates, Telescopes, Spatial resolution, Stars

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Proceedings Article | 24 August 2015 Paper

VUV testing of science cameras at MSFC: QE measurement of the CLASP flight cameras

P. Champey, K. Kobayashi, A. Winebarger, J. Cirtain, D. Hyde, B. Robertson, B. Beabout, D. Beabout, M. Stewart

Proceedings Volume 9601, 96010Z (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2188754

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Quantum efficiency, Sensors, Photodiodes, Photons, Ultraviolet radiation, Charge-coupled devices, Polarization, Vacuum ultraviolet, Calibration

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Proceedings Article | 25 July 2014 Paper

Performance characterization of UV science cameras developed for the Chromospheric Lyman-Alpha Spectro-Polarimeter (CLASP)

P. Champey, K. Kobayashi, A. Winebarger, J. Cirtain, D. Hyde, B. Robertson, D. Beabout, B. Beabout, M. Stewart

Proceedings Volume 9144, 914439 (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2057321

KEYWORDS: Cameras, Charge-coupled devices, Polarization, Prototyping, Sensors, Ultraviolet radiation, Wave plates, CCD cameras, X-rays, Astronomy

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Proceedings Article | 24 July 2014 Paper

Current progress of optical alignment procedure of CLASP's Lyman-alpha polarimetry instrument

G. Giono, R. Ishikawa, Y. Katsukawa, T. Bando, R. Kano, Y. Suematsu, N. Narukage, Taro Sakao, K. Kobayashi, F. Auchère

Proceedings Volume 9144, 91443E (2014) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2055704

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Mirrors, Spectrographs, Charge-coupled devices, Image quality, Monochromatic aberrations, Optical components, Diffraction gratings, Optical alignment, Space telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 26 September 2013 Paper

Sounding rocket instrument development at Univ. of Alabama in Huntsville/NASA MSFC

Ken Kobayashi, Jonathan Cirtain, Amy Winebarger, Sabrina Savage, Leon Golub, Kelly Korreck, Sergey Kuzin, Robert Walsh, Craig DeForest, Bart DePontieu, Alan Title, William Podgorski, Ryouhei Kano, Noriyuki Narukage, Javier Trujillo-Bueno

Proceedings Volume 8862, 88620P (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2027941

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Space telescopes, Telescopes, Spectrographs, Magnetism, Cameras, Rockets, Ultraviolet radiation, Aerospace engineering, Solar processes

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Proceedings Article | 19 October 2012 Paper

Minimizing the mirror distortion for subarcsecond imaging in the Hi-C EUV telescope

William Podgorski, David Caldwell, Kenneth McCracken, Mark Ordway, Peter Cheimets, Kelly Korreck, Leon Golub, Jonathan Cirtain, Ken Kobayashi

Proceedings Volume 8502, 85020E (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.930610

KEYWORDS: Telescopes, Mirrors, Space telescopes, Rockets, Distortion, Extreme ultraviolet, Image resolution, Interferometers, Secondary tip-tilt mirrors, Interfaces

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Proceedings Article | 17 September 2012 Paper

Chromospheric Lyman-alpha spectro-polarimeter (CLASP)

Ryouhei Kano, Takamasa Bando, Noriyuki Narukage, Ryoko Ishikawa, Saku Tsuneta, Yukio Katsukawa, Masahito Kubo, Shin-nosuke Ishikawa, Hirohisa Hara, Toshifumi Shimizu, Yoshinori Suematsu, Kiyoshi Ichimoto, Taro Sakao, Motoshi Goto, Yoshiaki Kato, Shinsuke Imada, Ken Kobayashi, Todd Holloway, Amy Winebarger, Jonathan Cirtain, Bart De Pontieu, Roberto Casini, Javier Trujillo Bueno, Jiří Štĕpán, Rafael Manso Sainz, Luca Belluzzi, Andres Asensio Ramos, Frédéric Auchère, Mats Carlsson

Proceedings Volume 8443, 84434F (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.925991

KEYWORDS: Polarization, Magnetism, Mirrors, Coating, Wave plates, Spectrographs, Scattering, Visible radiation, Cameras, Solar processes

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Proceedings Article | 7 October 2011 Paper

Development of a EUV test facility at the Marshall Space Flight Center

Edward West, Steve Pavelitz, Ken Kobayashi, Brian Robinson, Jonathan Cirtain, Jessica Gaskin, Amy Winebarger, Linda Krause, Michael McGuirk, Jonathan Darnel

Proceedings Volume 8147, 81471A (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.904922

KEYWORDS: Extreme ultraviolet, Calibration, Sensors, Monochromators, Space telescopes, X-rays, Cameras, Optical filters, Gases, Imaging systems

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Proceedings Article | 7 October 2011 Paper

The Marshall Grazing Incidence X-ray Spectrograph (MaGIXS)

Ken Kobayashi, Jonathan Cirtain, Leon Golub, Amy Winebarger, Edward Hertz, Peter Cheimets, David Caldwell, Kelly Korreck, Brian Robinson, Patrick Reardon, Thomas Kester, Charles Griffith, Mark Young

Proceedings Volume 8147, 81471M (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.894071

KEYWORDS: Spectrographs, Mirrors, Telescopes, Spatial resolution, X-rays, Space telescopes, Grazing incidence, Coronagraphy, Reflectivity, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 7 October 2011 Paper

Ly-alpha polarimeter design for CLASP rocket experiment

H. Watanabe, N. Narukage, M. Kubo, R. Ishikawa, T. Bando, R. Kano, S. Tsuneta, K. Kobayashi, K. Ichimoto, J. Trujillo-Bueno

Proceedings Volume 8148, 81480T (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.893241

KEYWORDS: Polarization, Wave plates, Polarimetry, Magnesium fluoride, Beam splitters, Modulation, Prototyping, Transmittance, Ultraviolet radiation, Refractive index

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A sounding-rocket program called the Chromospheric Lyman-Alpha Spectro-Polarimeter (CLASP) is proposed to be launched in the summer of 2014. CLASP will observe the solar chromosphere in Ly-alpha (121.567 nm), aiming to detect the linear polarization signal produced by scattering processes and the Hanle effect for the first time. The polarimeter of CLASP consists of a rotating half-waveplate, a beam splitter, and a polarization analyzer. Magnesium Fluoride (MgF2) is used for these optical components, because MgF2 exhibits birefringent property and high transparency at ultraviolet wavelength. The development and comprehensive testing program of the optical components of the polarimeter is underway using the synchrotron beamline at the Ultraviolet Synchrotron Orbital Radiation Facility (UVSOR). The first objective is deriving the optical constants of MgF2 by the measurement of the reflectance and transmittance against oblique incident angles for the s-polarized and the p-polarized light. The ordinary refractive index and extinction coefficient along the ordinary and extraordinary axes are derived with a least-square fitting in such a way that the reflectance and transmittance satisfy the Kramers-Krönig relation. The reflection at the Brewster's Angle of MgF2 plate is confirmed to become a good polarization analyzer at Ly-alpha. The second objective is the retardation measurement of a zeroth-order waveplate made of MgF2. The retardation of a waveplate is determined by observing the modulation amplitude that comes out of a waveplate and a polarization analyzer. We tested a waveplate with the thickness difference of 14.57 um. The 14.57 um waveplate worked as a half-waveplate at 121.74 nm. We derived that a waveplate with the thickness difference of 15.71 um will work as a half-waveplate at Ly-alpha wavelength. We developed a prototype of CLASP polarimeter using the MgF2 half-waveplate and polarization analyzers, and succeeded in obtaining the modulation patterns that are consistent with the theoretical prediction. We confirm that the performance of the prototype is optimized for measuring linear polarization signal with the least effect of the crosstalk from the circular polarization.

Proceedings Article | 6 October 2011 Paper

MgII observations using the MSFC solar ultraviolet magnetograph

Edward West, Jonathan Cirtain, Ken Kobayashi, John Davis, Allen Gary, Mitzi Adams

Proceedings Volume 8148, 81480F (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.894022

KEYWORDS: Polarization, Magnetism, Wave plates, Cameras, Mirrors, Solar processes, Dielectric polarization, Coating, Telescopes, Ultraviolet radiation

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Proceedings Article | 6 October 2011 Paper

Overview of Chromospheric Lyman-Alpha SpectroPolarimeter (CLASP)

Noriyuki Narukage, Saku Tsuneta, Takamasa Bando, Ryouhei Kano, Masahito Kubo, Ryoko Ishikawa, Hirohisa Hara, Yoshinori Suematsu, Yukio Katsukawa, Hiroko Watanabe, Kiyoshi Ichimoto, Taro Sakao, Toshifumi Shimizu, Ken Kobayashi, Brian Robinson, Tony Kim, Amy Winebarger, Edward West, Jonathan Cirtain, Bart De Pontieu, Roberto Casini, Javier Trujillo Bueno, Jiri Stepan, Rafael Manso Sainz, Luca Belluzzi, Andres Asensio Ramos, Mats Carlsson

Proceedings Volume 8148, 81480H (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.894290

KEYWORDS: Magnetism, Polarization, Magnesium fluoride, Mirrors, Wave plates, Solar processes, Rockets, Spectrographs, Scattering, Telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 10 September 2011 Paper

MgII linear polarization measurements using the MSFC Solar Ultraviolet Magnetograph

Edward West, Jonathan Cirtain, Ken Kobayashi, John Davis, Allen Gary, Mitzi Adams

Proceedings Volume 8160, 816010 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.894004

KEYWORDS: Polarization, Magnetism, Wave plates, Cameras, Mirrors, Dielectric polarization, Solar processes, Coating, Spectrographs, Telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 29 July 2010 Paper

Stigmatic grazing-incidence x-ray spectrograph for solar coronal observations

Ken Kobayashi, Jonathan Cirtain, Leon Golub, Kelly Korreck, Peter Cheimets, Edward Hertz, David Caldwell

Proceedings Volume 7732, 773233 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.856793

KEYWORDS: Spectrographs, Mirrors, Spatial resolution, X-rays, Diffraction gratings, Telescopes, Monochromatic aberrations, Reflectivity, Rockets, Space telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 23 September 2009 Paper

Spectral calibration of the MSFC Solar Ultraviolet Magnetograph

Edward West, Ken Kobayashi, Jonathan Cirtain, Allen Gary, John Davis, Joseph Reader

Proceedings Volume 7438, 74380U (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.825715

KEYWORDS: Ultraviolet radiation, Spectral calibration, Solar processes, Aerospace engineering, Current controlled current source, Rockets, UV optics, Polarization, Magnetism, Sun

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Proceedings Article | 22 August 2009 Paper

Toroidal variable-line-space gratings: the good, the bad, and the ugly

Edward West, Ken Kobayashi, Jonathan Cirtain, Allen Gary, John Davis, Joseph Reader

Proceedings Volume 7433, 74330I (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.825709

KEYWORDS: Optical design, Optical alignment, Tolerancing, Current controlled current source, Optical instrument design, Vacuum ultraviolet, Solar telescopes, Sun, Spherical lenses, Optical fabrication equipment

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Proceedings Article | 12 August 2009 Paper

CIV polarization measurements using a vacuum ultraviolet Fabry-Pérot Interferometer

Edward West, G. Allen Gary, Jonathan Cirtain, John Davis, Ken Kobayashi, Chris Pietraszewski

Proceedings Volume 7461, 746103 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.825718

KEYWORDS: Magnetism, Polarization, Vacuum ultraviolet, Solar processes, Coronagraphy, Interferometers, Doppler effect, 3D modeling, Remote sensing, Current controlled current source

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Proceedings Article | 20 September 2007 Paper

The solar ultraviolet magnetograph investigation sounding rocket program

E. West, K. Kobayashi, J. Davis, G. Gary

Proceedings Volume 6689, 66890E (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.731659

KEYWORDS: Polarization, Magnetism, Cameras, Rockets, Vacuum ultraviolet, Ultraviolet radiation, Telescopes, Reflectivity, Collimators, Dielectric polarization

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Proceedings Article | 13 September 2007 Paper

Polarization measurements on SUMI's TVLS gratings

K. Kobayashi, E. West, J. Davis, G. Gary

Proceedings Volume 6682, 66820W (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.731870

KEYWORDS: Polarization, Reflectivity, Magnetism, Ultraviolet radiation, Dielectric polarization, Aluminum, Rockets, Mirrors, Solar processes, Space telescopes

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Proceedings Article | 15 September 2005 Paper

MTRAP: the magnetic transition region probe

J. Davis, E. West, R. Moore, G. Gary, K. Kobayashi, J. Oberright, D. Evans, H. Wood, J. Saba, D. Alexander

Proceedings Volume 5901, 590112 (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.614544

KEYWORDS: Magnetism, Mirrors, Polarization, Space telescopes, Solar processes, Telescopes, Spatial resolution, Sun, Optical coatings, Signal to noise ratio

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Proceedings Article | 18 August 2005 Paper

Polarization measurements in the vacuum ultraviolet

K. Kobayashi, E. West, M. Noble

Proceedings Volume 5888, 58880G (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.613243

KEYWORDS: Polarization, Wave plates, Vacuum ultraviolet, Prisms, Polarizers, Ultraviolet radiation, Reflectivity, Mirrors, Photodiodes, Monochromators

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Proceedings Article | 18 August 2005 Paper

The solar ultraviolet magnetograph investigation: polarization properties

E. West, J. Porter, J. Davis, G. Gary, K. Kobayashi, M. Noble

Proceedings Volume 5901, 59010R (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.613244

KEYWORDS: Polarization, Wave plates, Magnetism, Cameras, Ultraviolet radiation, Spectrographs, Telescopes, Reflectivity, Rockets, Mirrors

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Proceedings Article | 12 October 2004 Paper

Image stabilization system on SOLAR-B Solar Optical Telescope

Toshifumi Shimizu, Shin'ichi Nagata, Chris Edwards, Theodore Tarbell, Yasuhiro Kashiwagi, Kazuhide Kodeki, Osamu Ito, Hiroyuki Miyagawa, Masayuki Nagase, Syunsaku Inoue, Kazumasa Kaneko, Yasushi Sakamoto, Kiyoshi Ichimoto, Saku Tsuneta, Shiro Miki, Makoto Endo, Masaki Tabata, Toshitaka Nakaoji, Keiichi Matsuzaki, Ken Kobayashi, Masashi Otsubo, Yoshinori Suematsu, Kazuyoshi Kumagai, Motokazu Noguchi, Tomonori Tamura, Masao Nakagiri

Proceedings Volume 5487, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.551368

KEYWORDS: Servomechanisms, Mirrors, Control systems, Electronics, Optical telescopes, Space telescopes, Ferroelectric materials, CCD cameras, Telescopes, Sun

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