Single pixel imaging (SPI) is considered to be a promised technique in computational imaging because of some
advantageous features and suitability for signal restoration with compressive sensing, deep learning, and so on. In this
presentation, the principle of SPI is explained. In the SPI, two dimensional spatial modulation for optical signals is an
important operations. A procedure for renewal of the modulation has been proposed. This procedure with spatial pattern
shift is suitable for a some specific implementation based on SPI. Especially, it is useful for imaging of a target moving at
a constant velocity. This procedure is introduced and usefulness of it is discussed.
We have been investigating the three-dimensional (3D) display system using binary phase modulation. Basically, the elimination of the amplitude distribution and the binarization of the phase distribution degrade the reconstructed image quality and enhance the speckle influence. Therefore, the optimization of the binary phase pattern is required. So far, the Gerchberg–Saxton and modified Fresnel ping-pong algorithms have been proven to be the powerful iterative phase retrieval methods in 3D displays. Error diffusion technique is available for gray-scale phase distribution. In this paper, we compare the reconstructed image quality of two-dimensional imaged floating in the air by using several methods.
KEYWORDS: Optical testing, Imaging systems, Signal processing, Digital signal processing, Digital micromirror devices, Image restoration, Multiplexing, Signal detection, Sensors
A method for single pixel imaging (SPI) is introduced. The method is proposed to accelerate optical measurement. The method is also useful for high-definition imaging. The processing procedure of the method is described and some features of the based on the proposed method is described.
A visualization technique of sound wave propagation using digital holography with heterodyne technique is presented. In the proposed method, the frequency of the interference pattern in an off-axis digital holography is down converted into the detectable frequency in an image sensor operated at the video frame rate by using the heterodyne interferometer. We present the principle of the recording technique and experimental results are described.
This paper provides overall analytical insights on the common-path incoherent digital holography using dual-focusing lens with diffraction gratings. Especially when one tries to seek an off-axis solution using the suggested configuration, the low temporal and spatial coherence require specific conditions on parameters of the set-up. AA mathematical explanation on the off-axis digital holography is described.
For defect detection or undesired object in commercial products, it is required to develop a fast measurement system that can obtain three-dimensional distribution of surface of the opaque medium such as metal or inside of the transparent medium. For this purpose, we fabricated a digital holographic microscope using a fast image sensor when the phase object is put on a fast movable stage. In the fabricated system, an image sensor operated at maximum frame rate of 2000 fps and a movable stage operated at maximum speed of 300 mm/s are introduced. Under the continuous wave illumination, motion-blurred phase object is reconstructed. By using numerical processing such as deconvolution filter, the reconstructed phase distribution is much improved. Numerical results are presented.
One of fast measurement systems of μm-size phase objects based on digital holographic microscope with transmission geometry is presented. For building a 3D inspection system of the phase objects, the improvement of recovered phase image is discussed. Under the CW laser illumination, the movement afterimage of phase object was observed. The phase object is recovered by deconvolution filter. Experimental and numerical evaluation are presented.
One of the 3D display systems for full-color reconstruction by using binary phase modulation is presented. The improvement of reconstructed objects is achieved by optimizing the binary phase modulation and accumulating the speckle patterns by changing the random phase distributions. The binary phase pattern is optimized by the modified Frenel ping-pong algorithm. Numerical and experimental demonstrations of full color reconstruction are presented.
Multi-modal digital holographic microscopy is a combination of epifluorescence microscopy and digital holographic microscopy, the main function of which is to obtain images from fluorescence intensity and quantified phase contrasts, simultaneously. The proposed system is mostly beneficial to biological studies, with the reason that often the studies are depending on fluorescent labeling techniques to detect certain intracellular molecules, while phase information reflecting properties of unstained transparent elements. This paper is presenting our latest researches on applications such as randomly moving micro-fluorescent beads and living cells of Physcomitrella patens. The experiments are succeeded on obtaining a succession of wide-field fluorescent images and holograms from micro-beads, and different depths focusing is realized via numerical reconstruction. Living cells of Physcomitrella patens are recorded in the static manner, the reconstruction distance indicates thickness of cellular structure. These results are implementing practical applications toward many biomedical science researches.
One of advantages of parallel phase-shifting digital holography (PPSDH) compared with other digital holography
techniques is the fast recording of three-dimensional (3D) objects. During the fast recording of a multiplexed hologram
that contains at least three amounts of phase retardation, the optical energy of the hologram becomes smaller. Therefore,
it is important to assess the minimum optical energy that can reconstruct the object with moderate reconstruction error.
In this paper, we investigate experimentally the optical energy to reconstruct the object under weak light condition in
PPSDH. We compare the numerical and experimental results. The experiment is in good agreement with numerical
results when the sensitivity of the image sensor is taken into account.
Parallel phase-shifting digital holography (PPSDH) method can record dynamic three-dimensional events with higher
spatial resolution than that of off-axis digital holography. In PPSDH, all amount of phase retardations are included in a
multiplexed hologram and can be optically implemented by using a phase-mode spatial light modulator (SLM) located in
the reference beam. The SLM can also compensate optical aberration caused by lenses, beam splitters, and air fluctuation
as in adaptive optics. In this presentation, we review our experimental results using stationary two-dimensional object
using a liquid-crystal on Silicon (LCOS) SLM.
Minimum optical energy required for parallel four-step phase-shifting digital holography is evaluated numerically by using photon-counting method. One of the attractive features of parallel phase-shifting digital holography is the instantaneous recording of fast 3D events where only the complex amplitude distribution of an object wave is obtained. The reconstruction is executed by numerical wave propagation such as angular spectrum propagation or Fresnel propagation. Numerical results indicate that required optical energy of an input image with 512 × 512 pixels is about 11 pJ. Under the criteria used in the evaluation, the required optical energy is independent of the image size.
KEYWORDS: Scattering, Absorption, Data storage, Light scattering, Laser scattering, 3D optical data storage, Reconstruction algorithms, Sensors, Optical storage, 3D modeling
We have been investigating a new type of optical data storage media using three-dimensional diffused object. The data is
stored as three-dimensional absorbers in a highly scattering medium. The scattering medium can protect the absorbers
because it blurs the light distribution. To recover the absorption distribution, the scattering coefficient distribution of the
medium is required. We present an algorithm to recover the 3D absorption distribution to decrease the calculation time.
Numerical evaluation of the proposed algorithm and the storage capacity are discussed.
Fabrication of scattering media by femtosecond laser pulse irradiation in Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) material is
presented. Focused femtosecond laser pulse can fabricate void with a few μm in PMMA material. Random distribution
of voids can work as a scattering medium. We measure the scattering properties of fabricated void structure by changing
the void density. By comparing the experimental results and numerical results, we discuss the possibility of control of
scattering coefficient by void density.
KEYWORDS: Image processing, Image compression, Computer programming, Chemical elements, Binary data, Data processing, Signal processing, Numerical analysis, Optical signal processing, Data compression
In this research, a scheme for SIMD (Single Instruction stream Multi Data stream) pattern processing for two
dimensional (2D) image data is applied to the traveling salesman problem (TSP). Firstly, 2D SIMD pattern
processing for the TSP is designed. In the processing, two kinds of image data are prepared to represent graph
data. By cross correlation between the prepared images, a set of pathlength is obtained. The tour with the
minimum path length is extracted from post pattern processing. Numerical analysis verifies that the scheme is
effective for the TSP.
A graphic processing unit (GPU) is much attractive for large scale information processing. Especially, a GPU
is considered to be suitable for SIMD processing to image data. We have developed some methods based on
SIMD pattern processing and study on implementation of these methods. In this research, design of GPU
implementation for the traveling salesman problem (TSP) is reported. Usefulness of GPU implementation is
shown by verification.
We review an optical secure memory card using a three-dimensional (3D) scattering medium and 3D absorbers. The
information of 3D absorbers such as position, size, and number can be used as 3D data. The strong scattering effect can
make the data secure for measuring them by interferometer. To recover the absorption distribution, a computational
method is developed. We show the numerical results of the reconstructed absorption distribution and then show how
important to control the scattering coefficient in a volume medium. We also present preliminary experimental results to
make a scattering medium by using holes created by irradiation of femtosecond laser pulse.
KEYWORDS: 3D image processing, Holograms, 3D image reconstruction, 3D acquisition, Signal processing, Holography, Image processing, 3D metrology, Imaging systems, 3D vision
Implementation for signal processing in a three-dimensional (3D) image system with multi vision capturing and
holographic reconstruction is reported. In the implementation, we utilize a graphic processing unit (GPU) in
stead of a central processing unit (CPU). This is because a GPU is specialized for image processing and it
can execute parallel processing. In this research, the processing to generate hologram patterns from a set of
3D data obtained by analysis of multi vision is implemented on a GPU. We compare processing times of GPU
implementation and CPU one. As a result, it is shown that the former implementation can complete the process
faster than the latter. In the best case, the processing time with the GPU is 600 times as short as that with the
CPU.
A method for SIMD (Single Instruction stream Multi Data Stream) processing of two dimensional images. is improved.
We study on characteristics of patterns on intermediate data in the algorithm.
From the study, it is found that the patterns are periodical.
A novel method for the improvement is developed by use of the characteristics.
We estimate effectiveness of the improved method.
The method is implemented on a personal computer and compared with the simulator based on the conventional scheme.
As results of estimation, it is verified that the computational costs of the method are about ten times as small as that with the conventional compressed scheme.
We have proposed a new passive imaging optics which consists of a grid array of micro roof mirrors working as dihedral corner reflectors. Although this element forms mirror-like images at opposite side of objects, the images are real. Because the imaging principle of the proposed element is based on accumulation of rays, the design of each light path makes many kinds of devices possible. So, we propose two variations of such a device. One device consists of an array of micro retroreflectors and a half mirror, and it can also form real mirror-like images. The advantage of this device is wide range of view, because the displacement of each retororeflector is not limited on a plane unlike the roof mirror grid array. The other consists of an array of long dihedral corner reflectors. Although this structure has been already known as a roof mirror array, it can be used for imaging. This device forms two heterogeneous images. One is real at the same side of an object, and the other is virtual at the opposite side. This is a conjugate imaging optics of a slit mirror array whose mirror surface is perpendicular to the device surface. The advantage of a roor mirror array is that the real image has horizontal parallax and can be seen in air naturally.
A three-dimensional (3D) imaging system using multi-cameras is presented. Perspectives of a 3D object are taken by the
multi-cameras located randomly on a circle. The 3D object can be reconstructed numerically by waveform
reconstruction with an angle correction function. The angle correction function is introduced to correct the angle of
camera at each pixel in the projected image and at each 3D reconstructed position. Numerical results show that point
sources can be reconstructed successfully. Experimental results of two 3D objects are also presented.iminates defocused areas. The depth of a three-dimensional object can be
accurately detected from a blur measure and the resolution and quality of reconstructed plane images are slightly
enhanced by adaptive erosion operation. Therefore, we qualitatively expect this scheme to work well in the specific task
such as a part of the system for object detection and recognition in integral imaging.
KEYWORDS: Digital holography, 3D metrology, Holograms, 3D image processing, 3D displays, 3D image reconstruction, Image sensors, Interfaces, Digital recording, Holography
A three-dimensional (3D) interface system based on digital holography is presented. For the development of 3D
interface system, a 3D display system, a recording system of 3D objects, an information processing system of 3D
manipulation, and 3D measurement system are required. In the system, the complex amplitude distribution of 3D objects
is recorded as digital hologram. In the reconstruction, the complex amplitude distribution of the 3D objects or phase-only
information is used. The optical reconstruction is also available. The manipulation of 3D object can be implemented by
processing complex amplitude of the 3D objects in the hologram plane. We present numerical and experimental results.
A method to reduce computational costs of a factorization algorithm based on two dimensional pattern processing
is presented. We develop logical operations to implement a factorization in the data compressed domain. In
the method, firstly, two dimensional discrete images for data processing is compressed in accordance with the
presented coding. Secondly, sequences of logical operations are executed in compression domain. Finally, desired
results are obtained by extraction of the compressed data after the operations. An advantaged feature of the
presented method is that computational costs can be decreased by the data compression rate.
A three-dimensional (3D) imaging system which consists of an equipment for stereo vision capturing and optical wavefront recontruction is developed. In the system, after acquisition of stereo images, depth maps are calculated by means of an area-based stereo matching algorithm. Hologram pattern is generated from the obtained depth maps with digital signal processing and displayed on a spatial light modulator. A three-dimensional image is reconstructed by illuminating plane wave of coherent light to the modulator. The attractve feature of the imaging system is to contstruct a holographic display without an optical interferometer for hologram recording. We fabricate a prototype of a stereo vision equipment and capture a target object. To obtain the depth map, we apply various methods of area-based stereo maching. The experimental results showed that a sum of absolute difference method provides desired depth maps. We calcuate an in-line hologram pattern with electronic signal processing. In the numerical reconstruction, 3D objects are reconstructed successfully. These results have shown usefulness of the proposed system.
We propose a new imaging optics called the Transmissive Mirror Device (TMD). It consists of numerous micromirrors
placed perpendicular to the surface of a flat, thin metal plate. The micro-mirror array is implemented
by the inner walls of minute square holes, which are densely pitted on the device. The basic mode of operation
is based on two reflections by a pair of adjacent mutually perpendicular mirrors, i.e., a dihedral corner reflector.
Although the principal of operation is based on reflection by mirrors, the device is also transmissive and deflects
light. Since this imaging system forms a real image at a plane symmetric point, the depth of the 3D image is
inverted. Its optical defects are low optical transmittance and stray light caused by non-reflected light and that
reflected once. We manufactured the device experimentally with nano-precision machining technology and also
evaluated it.
A novel method for multiplier modulo using optical signal processing is presented. Multiplier modulo is an important process in a factorization algorithm. In the method, modulo operations are executed by phase modulation. We construct a prototype system of the presented method. The constructed system consists of a Michelson interferometer with a photo detector array. In the system, mirrors are put on both object and reference arms. A mirror in the object arm is slightly tilted and the angle depends on parameters for target multiplier modulo. An obtained interference fringe has information about desired results for modulo operations. The most feature of the presented system is that it achieves massive data processing for mulitiplier modulo in parallel with only simple implementation. We show experimental results to verify usefulness of the presented method. Moreover, we study on expansion to implement factorization.
An optical identification system based a three-dimensional (3D) phase object is presented. The identification is implemented by the correlation between a speckle pattern of the 3D phase object and stored speckle patterns. To achieve a high level of recognition, we use two speckle patterns of the 3D object obtained by illuminating two wavelengths. Experimental and numerical results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed system.
KEYWORDS: Digital holography, Image sensors, 3D displays, 3D image processing, Phase shifts, 3D image reconstruction, Phase shifting, Phase shift keying, Electrooptic modulators, 3D metrology
We present a fast recording system of three-dimensional (3D) object based on phase-shifting digital holography. In this system, four-step phase shifting digital holography is employed. The phase modulation for four phase shifts is implemented by an electro-optic modulator that can change the phase of the reference at up to 100 MHz. The image detection is implemented by a C-MOS image sensor. We demonstrate experimentally the acquirement of 3D object information at 250 Hz. We also discuss the accuracy of the reconstructed position when the loss of the information at the image sensor is caused.
This paper demonstrates, for the first time, TOMBO color imaging system that employs color-splitting filters on each
lens. A red, green, or blue color filter is allocated to each microlens instead of each pixel in conventional single-sensor
color imaging system. Thus the microlens array here also makes up a color filter array of Bayer geometry. For the
imaging device, a CMOS image sensor with 1040 x 960 pixels whose size is 6.25 um square was used. 8 x 8 microlens
array with 750 um pitch was employed as a taking lens. Excellent color images were obtained by rearrangement,
interpolation, and postdigital processing.
KEYWORDS: Information visualization, Optical signal processing, Proteins, Image segmentation, Visibility, Visualization, Analytical research, Biological research, Data processing, Binary data
A simple and informative method for exploring genome information is presented. The method is based on a spatially coded moir´e matching technique to visualize a relation between two genome sequences. The basic idea and its extensions to amino acid sequence analysis and multiple sequences comparison are explained with some experimental results.
An optical computing method for string data matching applicable to genome information processing is presented. With encoding 1D data into spatial code patterns, moire fringes between two different coded patterns provide information on the correspondence of the original data, which is useful for string alignment in genome analysis. A new code set for the spatial coding is capable of processing complementary base-pairing DNA sequences. Results of the preliminary experiments are shown to verify effectiveness of the method. Processing performance is evaluated with a simplified model. Finally, two optoelectronic implementations are presented for future directions.
We propose an optoelectronic parallel-matching architecture (PMA) that provides powerful processing capability for distributed algorithms comparing with traditional parallel computing architectures. The PMA is composed of a parallel- matching (PM) module and multiple processing elements (PE's). The PM module is implemented by a large-fan-out free-space optical interconnection and a parallel-matching smart-pixel array (PM-SPA). In the proposed architecture, each PE can monitor the other PE's by utilizing several kinds of global processing by the PM module. The PE's can execute concurrent data matching among the others as well as inter-processor communication. Based on the state-of-the-art optoelectronic devices and a diffractive optical element, a prototype of the PM module is constructed. The prototype is assumed to be used in a multiple processor system composed of 4 X 4 processing elements, which are completely connected via 1-bit optical communication channels. On the prototype demonstrator, the fundamental operations of the PM module such as parallel-matching operations and inter- processor communication were verified at 15 MHz.
Characteristics of large fan-out interconnection are studied in terms of signal propagation delay and power consumption. Four types of interconnection models are considered and their properties are formulated. The obtained result supports the effectiveness of optical digital computing schemes based on large fan-out interconnection such as optical array logic.
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