Jonathan Friedman, Benjamin Blinchevsky, Maria Slight, Aika Tanaka, Alexander Lazarev, Wei Zhang, Byron Aram, Melanis Ghadimi, Thomas Lomis, Lev Murokh, Pavel Lazarev
KEYWORDS: Cancer, Tissues, Principal component analysis, Tumors, Education and training, Biological samples, Diffraction, X-ray diffraction, Breast cancer, Breast
False positives from breast cancer screenings lead to billions of dollars of waste and suffering every year. X-ray diffraction of breast tissue for cancer detection is a promising technique that can potentially be used to reduce the significant number of unnecessary biopsies by first scanning suspicious areas, rather than performing a biopsy straightaway. Breast tissue diffraction patterns contain information about the structure and density of constituent fiber molecular structures, such as fatty acids and collagen. These structural biomarkers are known to change due to the presence of tumors. We ran a pilot study with biopsies from 38 cancer patients that were scanned using a low-cost diffractometer. Our diagnostic algorithm achieved an overall performance of 96.3% sensitivity, 91.6% specificity, and 93.4% positive predictive value based on a random train-test split. We believe X-ray diffraction technology is mature enough to be integrated into the clinical setting in the near future.
We propose a simple design of a rotary nanomotor comprised of three quantum dots attached to the rotating ring (rotor)
in the presence of an in-plane dc electric field. The quantum dots (sites) can be coupled to or decoupled from source and
drain carrier reservoirs, depending on the relative positions of the leads and the dots. We derive equations for the site
populations and solve these equations numerically jointly with the Langevin-type equation for the rotational angle. It is
shown that the synchronous loading and unloading of the sites results in unidirectional rotation of the nanomotor. The
corresponding particle current, torque, and energy conversion efficiency are determined. Our studies are applicable both
to biologically-inspired rotary nanomotors, the F0 motor of ATP synthase and the bacterial flagellar motor, which use
protons as carriers, and to novel artificial semiconductor systems using electrons. The efficiency of this semiconductor
analog of the rotary biomotors is up to 85% at room temperature.
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