A new special second-generation computer-controlled device has been developed for measuring biomechanical characteristics of the lower part of the spine vertebras L1–L5 [1]. During straining and measurement of the rigidity of the sample as a whole it is also necessary to observe the movement of individual parts of the sample and to measure their mechanical resistances. The measurement of displacement and rotation of individual parts of the studied model was evaluated by optical methods based on the principle of moiré interferometry and fast Fourier transform [2]. During this device development and its verification the lumbar samples were replaced with a system of wooden rollers with system discrete rubber pads. The new computer-controlled device containing four stepper motors, four strain gauges and two CCD cameras.
To show flames in the visible and low infrared regions of radiation in the wavelength range from 400 nm to 2000 nm a design of optical systems technical borescope is presented. The proposed glass and technical parameters of the optical system correspond to the diameters of the lens elements and their distance of the borescope for VIS only. The correction lengths and distances of images are approximately the same and also correspond to the mechanical construction of the existing borescope for visible light. To record images in the wavelength range from 800 nm to 1000 nm it is possible to use the classic black-and-white cameras, e.g. OSCAR OS-458. Recording wavelengths in the range of 900 nm to 1700 nm allows, for example, InGaAs camera Bobcat 1.7-320.
The control of burners is a key issue for a stable and smooth sintering process. A special image processing tool (the
thermography function by means of technical boroscope) offers the method of such measuring. The main idea of all
these systems is to document the continuous changes of the sintering process by a color (state-of-the-art) camera. For
real-time processing video signals a Vision Acquisition Software from National Instrument can be used, it allows a
cooperation with interface USB 2.0 and FireWire (IEEE1394). The converter ADVC-100 from CANOPUS may be used
for signal conversion from analog cameras PAL-NTSC. Using stable computer programs, e.g. functions of technology
Remote Panels NI (National Instruments), the combustion process can be monitored and controlled via web browser,
phone or SmartPhone.
This paper describes the technical boroscope optical system that is realized by three main parts. The first one is a wide
angle supplementary imaging member consisting of the plan-concave diverging lens and the first plan-convex
converging lens. The second part is a basic lens formed by the first cemented converging lens, second simple converging
lens and the second cemented converging lens. The third one, so called additional repeatedly extending part, consists
from the free converging lens (the same as the second converging lens) and the cemented converging lens identical with
the cemented lens of the second part. A color CCD camera connected with the boroscope transfers electronic signals of the
compound flame image to the PC monitor. In the case of a weak optical signal a variant of the original set-up is used
employing an enhanced system aperture and cameras equipped with smaller-size CCD chips. The monitored three colored
(red, green, blue) images and their intensities give more information about the flame quality, so that it is possible to
achieve more efficient and eco-friendly combustion processes.
KEYWORDS: 3D modeling, Teeth, Modulation, Mirrors, 3D image processing, Solid modeling, Digital imaging, 3D metrology, Michelson interferometers, Phase shifts
More effective method for description of the form of a 3D object and curved surface, than shadow moiré topography and current illumination by interference modulated laser beam, was proposed. Interference modulated laser beam that illuminates reference plane screen and the object using modification of the interference pictures by means of maxima of interference fringes, enables characterization of the object by map of contour lines. Due to the change of the position of contour lines by shift of original phase we get more precisely description of the 3D surface and also the space imagine of the studied object. The change of the initial phase of interference fringes with the stationary and appropriate low space frequency of fringes can step by step very precisely describe the shape of irregular 3D object, more easy and distinct than the system of fringes with high space frequency. That's why this method seems to be advisable on the study of the shape of physiological models, e.g. the model of human set of teeth.
To describe the optical characteristics of phase object the moire deflectometry system can be used. A Talbot
interferometer is constructed with two gratings placed in a collimated beam of light. The moire fringes are generated by
superimposing the self-imaged grating in Talbot plane with the second reference grating (of the some period or near the
some period as the first one). If the phase object is placed on front of the first grating, the light deflected by the object
yields the shifted Talbot images and the resultant moire fringes show the change of the refractive index of the phase
object. This method can be also used for measurement of the refractive index of lenses as well as liquids and gases
showing self-focusing and self-defocusing effect. Computerized video-image than enables observation and evaluation of
changes of moire fringes practically in real-time. In comparison with other interferometric methods the advantages of
the moire deflectometry technique are its extreme experimental simplicity, low cost and low sensitivity to external
disturbances.
Two optical measuring methods were used to describe the form of a plaster model of a human vocal folds. The method of
the classical shadow moire topography with illumination of a specimen by incoherent parallel beam of light trough a
linear grating and the method of an interference modulated laser beam using for illumination of the specimen and a
reference plane screen located in front of the specimen (object). The two pictures registered by CCD camera and a
computer PC are subtracted and the absolute value of their difference gives the moire interferograms with good contrast.
Using by computer realized FFT and the space filtration of Fourier spectrum we get a position of a contour line system
defining the form of the studied object.
This paper presents a way for practical use of the CCD linear image sensor for scanning of light in some optical applications (spectroscopy). Communication of the equipment (detector CCD) with computer is realized by the help of a parallel interface of a personal computer (PC) without additive interface card. In final part of this contribution is presented a realization of measuring circuit (enhanced parallel interface PC) for the sensor ILXS 1 1. The use of the line detector is demonstrated on detection of the optical spectrum of the mercury lamp.
Special equipment was realized for testing of stabilization methods of samples of lower part of the spine (L1-L5). During straining and measurement of the rigidity of the sample as a whole it is also necessary to observe the movement of individual parts of the sample. This movement is non-contact followed with the help of round targets connected to the appropriate vertebra to be observed. The watched targets are lit with a lamp or laser, and are identified by two CCD
cameras. An optical signal is brought into a computer and evaluated by the fast Fourier transformation method. The period and direction of interference fringes determine the size and the direction of the shift.
The article is dealing with the measurement of three-dimensional shapes of objects. Such measurement is called the topography. The one of moire methods — the projection moire topography —is used. For improvement of measurement quality some methods are introduced. At first it is the washing-up method which deletes the linear background. At second the fringe-shifting method is described used for increasing of data quantity. And finally the optical/digital fringe multiplication is mentioned as a method for increasing the accuracy ofmeasurement. The topography is illustrated on the example ofmeasurement ofpump blade including its theory, experimental set-up and results.
Special equipment was realized for measurement of biomechanical characteristics of samples of lower part of the spine that means the lumbar part L1-L5. The measuring was carried out on 3 spinal samples. At first on an intact spinal sample, on a destabilized spinal sample and on a stabilized spinal sample. The stabilization was carry out by cylindrical cages and fixation screws. Using force-meters each specimen was tested sequentially nondestructively in axial torsion, compression, flexion and extension and lateral bending. Stiffness of destabilized and stabilized samples were computed to that of intact spine. During straining and measurement of ht rigidity of the sample as a whole it is also necessary to observe the movement of individual parts of the sample. This movement is followed with the help of round targets connected to the appropriate vertebra to be observed. The detectional targets are lit with a lamp, in some cases with a laser, and are watched by two CCD cameras. An optical signal is brought into a computer and evaluated by the fast Fourier transformation method. The period and direction of interference fringes determine the size and the direction of the shift.
The interferometric measurement method of a thin film optical thickness is presented in this report. This measurement is realized by Michelson's interferometer. Interferogram of a measured sample with one half of the surface covered by a laser and the other without a layer is digitally recorded from the screen by CCD camera. The video- signal from two rows of the intensity distribution from the part with and without a layer are numerically filtered via fast Fourier transformation and the phase change of the two periodical 'continuous' functions is evaluated by the first and second derivatives. This phase change allows to determine the path difference and finally the optical thickness of the layer.
The present method is based on utilization of optical trace of luminous slot on tire profile. This optical trace enables the measurement of tires growth at free rotation during low and high revolution. It is one of tests in sense of regulation of U.N. Committee for homologation of motorcycle tires.
To study a form of a space object of large dimensions and depth, the optical moire topography can be used as one of the advisable non-contact measuring methods. The moire pattern can be realized by projection of a grating from two directions on a studied object. The resulting moire pattern is a contour line system showing equal depth from any fundamental plane, if the light sources lie on a plane parallel to this fundamental plane. CCD video camera provided with a special video-signal-filtering unit was used to improve moire-topographical image. This better visualization of moire pattern enables adjustment of the TV signal for its direct computer processing. Obtained contour line system can be considered as a map describing in high precision the space form of a testing object.
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