In situ multimodal microscopic x-ray characterizations demonstrate their unique capabilities in revealing the mechanisms of material degradation and the pathways for mitigation in energy harvesting applications such as halide perovskite solar cells. Despite the excellent device performance exhibited by halide perovskites, their sensitive nature and material interfaces necessitate a precisely controlled and tunable characterization environment to identify the sources of device performance loss. In this work, we designed an in-situ sample chamber that allows the control of various environmental conditions, including heat, illumination, and bias, while simultaneously collecting chemical (X-ray fluorescence, XRF), optical (X-ray Excited Optical Luminescence, XEOL), and performance (X-ray Beam Induced Current, XBIC) measurements on functional devices. The integrated thermoelectric cooler module of the designed chamber enables controlled heating up to 100 °C and rapid cooling back down to room temperature. This allows simultaneous multimodal XRF, XEOL and XBIC signal collections on Cs0.05FA0.95PbI3 perovskite devices at various temperatures. The results show increasing homogeneity in the XBIC maps and continuous reduction in XEOL intensity, with a redshift in XEOL peak positions as sample temperatures increase. The results of the simultaneous multimodal study pave the way for improved in situ sample environments for future photovoltaic device characterizations.
Dogfish (Squalus spp.) possess one or two dorsal-fin spines located at the dorsal midline over the vertebral column. These spines are heavily mineralized, and surface bands of light and dark contrast are used in age determinations. The interior of the spine also contains growth bands visible via optical microscopy of thin sections, but the three-dimensional pattern of growth bands does not appear to have been quantitatively mapped nor has the microstructural origin of the band contrast been established. This paper reports synchrotron microComputed Tomography (microCT) results on spines of Squalus suckleyi. MicroCT was performed at beamline 2-BM of the Advanced Photon Source (APS). There are numerous parallel bands, and their contrast consists of varying (higher and lower) values of linear attenuation coefficient, similar to growth bands observed in other mineralized tissues including mammalian cementum and dentin. The microCT data are supplemented by x-ray excited x-ray fluorescence maps of a sectioned Pacific dogfish spine recorded at beamlines 8-BM and 2-ID-E, APS; of particular note are bands of high Zn content, something which has been found in growth bands in other mineralized tissues.
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