Recent research has focused on developing low-bandgap polymers for harvesting solar energy, fine-tuning desirable properties including power conversion efficiency, carrier mobilities and broad light absorption. However, little attention has been paid to their nonlinear optical properties. We characterized the optical second harmonic generation of corona poled films of poly(cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b']dithiophen-4-ylidenedioctylmalonate). Despite being amorphous and lacking a typical donor-acceptor dye, these films display large nonlinear optical susceptibilities. Coupled with their stability and low absorption in the relevant wavelength region, these polymer films compare favorably to other materials. Our results show the promise of low-bandgap polymers for nonlinear optical applications.
Nonlinear optical phenomena cover a broad research area. The emphasis is mostly on the generation of higher harmonics to be used in laser designs or on the characterization capabilities of nonlinear optics. The latter ability of nonlinear optics is important when combined with a microscope to detect simultaneously multiphoton fluorescence and second-harmonic generation. Submicron size features can then be investigated separately and information on their structure can be revealed by second-harmonic generation. For example, the point group symmetry can be determined in situ and in vivo in complex media. Moreover, nonlinear optical microscopy has several additional advantages: the generation and detection of nonlinear signals is intrinsically confocal and degradation, if present, only occurs at a localized places in the structure. In biological structures, multiphoton fluorescence and second-harmonic generation do not necessarily occur in the same type of the structure. This can be exploited to visualize different structures in one sample by simultaneous detection of two-photon fluorescence and second-harmonic generation. Also, the incident beam can be tuned to fit in the biological window of biological structures, which gives second-harmonic generation microscopy a significant advantage over linear microscopy due to absorbance issues in the visible wavelength range. We exploit these advantages to characterize collagen-bearing biological structures. Collagen is the dominant structural protein in connective tissue in mammals. Being the most abundant protein in the mammal clade, it is essential for the very existence of it. Collagen is a protein with a very strict quaternary structure. The most simple Ramachandran model states that an amino-acid sequence of Glycine-prolin-hydroxyprolin leads to a right-handed helical structure. The inherent stability is such that a sole helix cannot exist for a prolonged period of time, it will therefore combine with 2 near identical helices, resulting in the formation of the superhelical structure tropocollagen. Subsequently tropocollagen will align in a linear direction forming the fibers composing collagen-tissue. Due to the superhelical nature of collagen, this structure is ideal to be probed by second-harmonic generation.
In light of the population aging in many developed countries, there is a great economical interest in improving the speed and cost-efficiency of healthcare. Clinical diagnosis tools are key to these improvements, with biophotonics providing a means to achieve them. Standard optical microscopy of in vitro biological samples has been an important diagnosis tool since the invention of the microscope, with well known resolution limits. Nonlinear optical imaging improves on the resolution limits of linear microscopy, while providing higher contrast images and a greater penetration depth due to the red-shifted incident light compared to standard optical microscopy. It also provides information on molecular orientation and chirality. Adaptive optics can improve the quality of nonlinear optical images. We analyzed the effect of sensorless adaptive optics on the quality of the nonlinear optical images of biological samples. We demonstrate that care needs to be taken when using a large field of view. Our findings provide information on how to improve the quality of nonlinear optical imaging, and can be generalized to other in vitro biological samples. The image quality improvements achieved by adaptive optics should help speed up clinical diagnostics in vitro, while increasing their accuracy and helping decrease detection limits. The same principles apply to in vivo biological samples, and in the future it may be possible to extend these findings to other nonlinear optical effects used in biological imaging.
Second harmonic generation microscopy has recently become an important tool for studying materials. In this article, we use a recently developed analytical method, for second-harmonic generation microscopy, to determine the point group symmetry of micro crystals of enantiomerically pure 1,1’-bi-2-naphtol.
Previous studies on the radiation effects upon polymer and polymer-based photonic materials suggest that the radiation resistance of the material is heavily dependent on the choice of polymer-host and guest-chromophore. To date, the best results have been achieved with electro optic polymeric materials based on CLD1 doped in APC, which has resulted in improved performance at the device level upon gamma-ray irradiation at moderate doses. However, the physical mechanisms are yet not fully understood. In this paper, we introduce an all-optical (linear and nonlinear) characterization protocol that is aimed to elucidate the mechanisms of the radiation damage/enhancement of electro-optic polymeric materials. This protocol is used to quantify the damage/enhancement effects upon irradiation in terms of the relevant physical parameters on a collection of electro-optic polymeric thin film samples.
Since the discovery of graphene in 2004 by Novoselov and Geim, a lot of research emphasis has been directed towards
its characterization. Most of the important scientific breakthroughs have been obtained on exfoliated graphene (produced via the well known ‘scotch tape’ method), nowadays, different synthetic routes have been developed to obtain largescale graphene. Among several optical techniques, Raman spectroscopy is the one most often employed to characterize the defects, number of graphene layers and other properties of the graphitic films regardless of their fabrication method. In this work, we will report on the microscopic imaging of the two-photon fluorescence (2PF) properties and the second harmonic generation (SHG) in both single layer and few layer graphene.
Because the germanium native oxide constitutes a poor dielectric, building metal oxide semiconductors (MOS) gate
stacks on Ge requires passivation of the interface between the dielectric and the Ge channel. Different approaches to
perform this passivation are available: GeO2 growth prior to high-k depositing, sulphur passivation, etc. The interface
properties of these MOS stacks are important, because they determine the electrical properties of the whole structure.
Dangling bonds introduce extra energy levels within the band gap, which results in a loss of efficiency in switching a
MOS - field effect transistor on and off. Fixed charges near the interface enlarge the voltage needed for switching
between on and off state as well. Hence, characterizing these interfaces is a key challenge in semiconductor fabrication.
This can for example be achieved using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) to probe the interface, because SHG is an
inherent surface and interface sensitive technique. In this work, we present SHG as an promising surface and interface
characterization tool for semiconductors for passivated germanium samples. Different SHG responses are shown for
germanium samples with a sulphur passivated Ge or high-k dielectric on top of Si. We show that the oxide layer as such
is not probed by SHG and that different bonds over the Ge/oxide interface result in a difference SHG response.
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