We report on the design and development of a quantum backend for an optical ground station for space-based quantum communication and science experiments. The quantum backend will enable the Optical Communication Telescope Laboratory (OCTL) to establish links with quantum satellites in the future. We aim to test this quantum enabled ground station with upcoming satellite Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) missions. We present measurements of the ground station properties that are relevant for future quantum links. Specifically, we discuss the polarization disturbance imposed by the optical communication telescope and present mitigation strategies in the form of polarization control systems. In addition to the optical design, we also present an end-to-end QKD model that is used to guide the development.
Jason Allmaras, Boris Korzh, Andrew Beyer, Emma Wollman, Bruce Bumble, Ryan Rogalin, Erik Alerstam, Makan Mohageg, Meera Srinivasan, Daniel Hoppe, Matthew Shaw
In this work we describe the development, characterization, and integration of a 16-channel, 400-μm diameter active area, double-ended read-out NbTiN superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) array and the supporting electronics used in an RF/Optical hybrid telescope for deep-space laser communications. This is the first fielddemonstration of a multi-channel, co-wound, double-ended read-out SNSPD array. With the number and complexity of future space exploration missions expected to increase, NASA is investigating ways to augment the information capacity of the Deep Space Network (DSN) global array of RF receivers used to track and communicate with these spacecrafts. Optical communication offers a path toward increasing the overall bandwidth of the DSN while allowing for higher data throughput for the same size weight and power (SWAP) transmitter on the spacecraft. NASA’s RF/Optical Hybrid (RFO) program proposes using a segmented, 8-10-meter equivalent aperture primary mirror mounted on existing 34- meter diameter beam waveguide (BWG) RF antennas to couple light into photon counting detectors for pulse position modulation (PPM) and on-off keying (OOK) data formats. JPL has deployed a pathfinder hybrid telescope on a DSN BWG antenna in Goldstone, California. The pathfinder couples light from a 1.2-meter effective diameter, 7-hexagonalsegment mirror assembly to a 400-μm core graded-index multimode fiber. This fiber is then routed to a cryostat and coupled to an SNSPD array through free-space optics. Coupling from a large diameter fiber to an SNSPD array while maintaining a small number of readout channels from the cryostat presents some unique challenges for the SNSPD array and receiver design.
The Cold Atom Lab (CAL) is a first of its kind quantum physics science instrument that utilizes the microgravity environment of the International Space Station (ISS) for ultra-cold atom fundamental physics experiments. CAL was installed into the US Destiny Lab of ISS by astronauts in May 2018. The CAL instrument was designed for a 3-year mission life and has limited capability to be serviced or upgraded on orbit. Due to its great success the CAL team was requested to upgrade a specific electronic circuit card that was never intended to be replaced on orbit. As such, the instrument was not designed to accommodate easy access to the circuit cards to enable replacement. Therefore, the CAL team at Jet Propulsion Lab (JPL) formed a collaborative team with experts from Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and Johnson Space Center (JSC) to create a new capability for Augmented Reality (AR) to be utilized on ISS that enabled real time astronaut on orbit guidance for critical activities. For the first time ever during an Intra-Vehicular Activity (IVA) a payload developer on the ground (CAL team) was able to see the real-time astronaut perspective video stream and simultaneously direct the astronaut via voice commands as well as with virtual visual annotations in the astronaut's field of view. This AR capability enabled the complex process of accessing and replacing the circuit card and restoring the full functionality of the CAL instrument.
This conference presentation was prepared for the Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes IX conference at SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, 2022.
In this article, we review the proposed experiments for the Deep Space Quantum Link (DSQL) mission concept aiming to probe gravitational effects on quantum optical systems. Quantum theory and general relativity are the two most successful frameworks we have to describe the universe. These theories have been validated through experimental confirmations in their domains of application— the macroscopic domain for relativity, and the microscopic domain for quantum theory. To date, laboratory experiments conducted in a regime where both theories manifest measurable effects on photons are limited. Satellite platforms enable the transmission of quantum states of light between different inertial frames and over distances impossible to emulate in the laboratory. The DSQL concept proposes simultaneous tests of quantum mechanics and general relativity enabled by quantum optical links to one or more spacecrafts.
Increasing the information capacity of the Deep Space Network, a global network of radio frequency receivers used to communicate with and track interplanetary spacecraft, will increase the number and complexity of future space explorations missions it can support. Adding optical communications capability will improve the information capacity of the Deep Space Network. The imaging resolution of the telescope is one of the key factors driving both system-level performance and cost. This report describes the control systems designed to maintain telescope alignment.
Increasing the information capacity of the Deep Space Network, a global network of radio frequency receivers used to communicate with and track interplanetary spacecraft, will increase the number and complexity of future space explorations missions it can support. Adding optical communications capability will improve the information capacity of the Deep Space Network. The availability of an optical communication link between a deep space transmitter and an Earth-based receiver is limited by the location of the sun relative to the line of sight. The sun could block the line of sight entirely, account for sufficient background radiation to degrade the system performance, or, the receiver telescope may form an image of the sun resulting in a safety hazard. The large diameter ground telescopes capable of supporting high rate optical links over solar-system distances exacerbate these challenges. We present experimental results bounding the safety threshold for solar-induced damage upon a Deep Space Network antenna and predict system level performance.
We propose theoretically and demonstrate experimentally a method for generation of beams of light possessing
large angular momenta. The method utilizes cylindrical optical waveguides as well as whispering gallery mode
resonators that efficiently transform a plane electromagnetic wave into truncated Bessel beams. Generation of
the high order beams with well defined angular momenta is demonstrated.
By engineering the geometry of a nonlinear optical crystal, the effective efficiency of all nonlinear optical oscillations can be increased dramatically. Specifically, sphere and disk shaped crystal resonators have been used to demonstrate nonlinear optical oscillations at sub-miliwatt input power when cw light propagates in a Whispering Gallery Mode (WGM) of such a resonant cavity. In terms of both device production and experimentation in quantum optics, some nonlinear optical effects with naturally high efficiency can occult the desired nonlinear scattering process. The efficiency of second order nonlinear optical effects in ferroelectric crystals can be increased by engineering a poling structure to the crystal resonator. In this paper, I will discuss a new method for generating poling structures in ferroelectric crystal resonators called calligraphic poling. The details of the poling apparatus, experimental results, and speculation on future applications will be discussed.
We present a study of optical hyper-parametric oscillator based on
a nonlinear high-Q whispering gallery mode resonator and
demonstrate that the oscillator produces stable narrow band beat
note of the pump, signal, and idler waves making an all-optical
secondary frequency reference feasible. We discuss possibilities
of tuning of the oscillator.
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