Dr. Mark A. Stephen Profile

Dr. Mark A. Stephen

Laser Engineer at NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr

SPIE Involvement:

Conference Program Committee | Author

Publications (36)

Proceedings Article | 4 March 2019 Paper

Paper

Integrated photonics for NASA applications

Michael Krainak, Mark Stephen, Elisavet Troupaki, Sarah Tedder, Baraquiel Reyna, Jonathan Klamkin, Hongwei Zhao, Bowen Song, Joseph Fridlander, Minh Tran, John Bowers, Keren Bergman, Michal Lipson, Anthony Rizzo, Ipshita Datta, Nathan Abrams, Shayan Mookherjea, Seng-Tiong Ho, Qiang Bei, Yingyan Huang, Yongming Tu, Behzad Moslehi, James Harris, Andrey Matsko, Anatoliy Savchenkov, Guangyao Liu, Roberto Proietti, S. J. Yoo, Leif Johansson, Christophe Dorrer, Francisco Arteaga-Sierra, Jie Qiao, Songbin Gong, Tingyi Gu, Osgar John Ohanian, Xingjie Ni, Yimin Ding, Yao Duan, Hamed Dalir, Ray Chen, Volker Sorger, Tin Komljenovic

Proceedings Volume 10899, 108990F (2019) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2509808

KEYWORDS: Waveguides, Modulation, Silicon, Modulators, Photonic integrated circuits, Graphene, Oscillators, Integrated photonics, Integrated optics, Silicon photonics

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NASA is working with US industry and academia to develop Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs) for: (1) Sensors (2) Analog RF applications (3) Computing and free space communications. The PICs provide reduced size, weight, and power that is critical for space-based systems. We describe recent breakthrough 3D monolithic integration of photonic structures, particularly high-speed graphene-silicon devices on CMOS electronics to create CMOS-compatible highbandwidth transceivers for ultra-low power Terabit-scale optical communications. An integrated graphene electro-optic modulator has been demonstrated with a bandwidth of 30 GHz. Graphene microring modulators are especially attractive for dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) systems. For space-based optical communication and ranging we have demonstrated generating a variable number of channels from a single laser using breadboard components, using a single-sideband carrier-suppressed (SSBCS) modulator driven by an externally-supplied RF tone (arbitrary RF frequency), a tunable optical bandpass filter, and an optical amplifier which are placed in a loop. We developed a Return--to-Zero (RZ) Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) laser transmitter PIC using an InP technology platform that includes a tunable laser, a Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA), high-speed Mach-Zehnder Modulator (MZM), and an electroabsorption (EAM) modulator. A Silicon Nitride (SiN) platform integrated photonic circuit suitable for a spectrally pure chip-scale tunable opto-electronic RF oscillator (OEO) that can operate as a flywheel in high precision optical clock modules, as well as radio astronomy, spectroscopy, and local oscillator in radar and communications systems is needed. We have demonstrated a low noise optical frequency combs generation from a small OEO prototypes containing very low loss (~1 dB) waveguide couplers of various shapes and sizes integrated with an ultrahigh-Q MgF2 resonators. An innovative miniaturized lab-on-a-chip device is being developed to directly monitor astronaut health during missions using ~3 drops of body fluid sample like blood, urine, and potentially other body fluids like saliva, sweat or tears. The first-generation system comprises a miniaturized biosensor based on PICs (including Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser – VCSEL, photodetector and optical filters and biochemical assay that generates a fluorescent optical signal change in response to the target analyte.

Proceedings Article | 24 October 2018 Paper

Paper

Lidar measurements of CO2 column concentrations in the Arctic region of North America from the ASCENDS 2017 airborne campaign

Graham Allan, James Abshire, Haris Riris, Jianping Mao, William Hasselbrack, Kenji Numata, Jeffrey Chen, Randy Kawa, Michael Rodriguez, Mark Stephen

Proceedings Volume 10779, 1077906 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2325908

KEYWORDS: Carbon dioxide, LIDAR, Clouds, Aerosols, Absorption, Atmospheric particles, Atmospheric modeling, Backscatter

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Proceedings Article | 20 February 2018 Presentation + Paper

Presentation + Paper

Fiber-based laser MOPA transmitter packaging for space environment

Mark Stephen, Anthony Yu, Jeffrey Chen, Kenji Numata, Stewart Wu, Brayler Gonzales, Lawrence Han, Molly Fahey, Michael Plants, Michael Rodriguez, Graham Allan, James Abshire, Jeffrey Nicholson, Anand Hariharan, William Mamakos, Brian Bean

Proceedings Volume 10513, 1051308 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2290720

KEYWORDS: Fiber amplifiers, Optical amplifiers, Fiber lasers, Transmitters, Packaging, Pulsed laser operation, LIDAR

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Proceedings Article | 30 August 2017 Paper

Paper

New semiconductor laser technology for gas sensing applications in the 1650nm range

Gordon Morrison, Jes Sherman, Steven Estrella, Renan Moreira, Paul Leisher, Milan Mashanovitch, Mark Stephen, Kenji Numata, Stewart Wu, Haris Riris

Proceedings Volume 10406, 1040605 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2275215

KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Semiconductor lasers, Laser applications, Tunable lasers, Methane, Carbon dioxide, Mid-IR, Pollution

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Proceedings Article | 13 May 2016 Paper

Paper

Three-year aging of prototype flight laser at 10 kHz and 1 ns pulses with external frequency doubler for ICESat-2 mission

Oleg Konoplev, Furqan Chiragh, Aleksey Vasilyev, Ryan Edwards, Mark Stephen, Elisavet Troupaki, Anthony Yu, Michael Krainak, Nick Sawruk, Floyd Hovis, Charles Culpepper, Kathy Strickler

Proceedings Volume 9834, 98340A (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2225985

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Prototyping, Contamination, Laser crystals, Second-harmonic generation, Reliability, Diagnostics, Laser crystals, Control systems, Laser systems engineering, Laser applications

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Proceedings Article | 11 March 2016 Paper

Paper

High energy, narrow linewidth 1572nm ErYb-fiber based MOPA for a multi-aperture CO2 trace-gas laser space transmitter

Doruk Engin, Brian Mathason, Mark Stephen, Anthony Yu, He Cao, Jean-Luc Fouron, Mark Storm

Proceedings Volume 9728, 97282S (2016) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2212481

KEYWORDS: Optical amplifiers, Fiber amplifiers, Amplifiers, Carbon dioxide lasers, Transmitters, Carbon dioxide, Commercial off the shelf technology, Laminated object manufacturing, LIDAR, Laser optics

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Proceedings Article | 1 September 2015 Paper

Paper

Fiber-based, trace-gas, laser transmitter technology development for space

Mark Stephen, Anthony Yu, Jeffrey Chen, Jeffrey Nicholson, Doruk Engin, Brian Mathason, Stewart Wu, Graham Allan, William Hasselbrack, Brayler Gonzales, Lawrence Han, Kenji Numata, Mark Storm, James Abshire

Proceedings Volume 9612, 96120B (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2191395

KEYWORDS: Transmitters, Optical amplifiers, Fiber amplifiers, Carbon dioxide lasers, Laser applications, Carbon dioxide, Laser development, Fiber lasers, Aerospace engineering, LIDAR

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Proceedings Article | 20 February 2015 Paper

Paper

Monolithic solid-state lasers for spaceflight

Michael Krainak, Anthony Yu, Mark Stephen, Scott Merritt, Leonid Glebov, Larissa Glebova, Aleksandr Ryasnyanskiy, Vadim Smirnov, Xiaodong Mu, Stephanie Meissner, Helmuth Meissner

Proceedings Volume 9342, 93420K (2015) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2077812

KEYWORDS: Solid state lasers, Glasses, Laser resonators, Mirrors, Nd:YAG lasers, Fiber lasers, Laser applications, Laser crystals, Reliability, Output couplers

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Proceedings Article | 14 November 2013 Paper

Paper

Performance of multilayer optical coatings under long-term 532nm laser exposure

D. Poulios, O. Konoplev, F. Chiragh, A. Vasilyev, M. Stephen, K. Strickler

Proceedings Volume 8885, 888523 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2030458

KEYWORDS: Mirrors, Contamination, Crystals, Laser crystals, Laser optics, Pulsed laser operation, Reflectivity, Optical testing, Adaptive optics, Optical coatings

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Proceedings Article | 14 November 2013 Paper

Paper

Examination of multi-shot laser induced damage on uncoated fused silica substrates at the surface and in the bulk material using P-polarized 1 ns 1.5 kHz laser pulses at 1064 nm

Furqan Chiragh, Oleg Konoplev, Alexey Vasilyev, Demetrios Poulios, Mark Stephen, Michael Krainak

Proceedings Volume 8885, 88850P (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2030364

KEYWORDS: Silica, Laser induced damage, Laser damage threshold, Pulsed laser operation, Charge-coupled devices, Refractive index, Laser systems engineering, LIDAR, Satellites, Coating

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Proceedings Article | 17 September 2013 Paper

Paper

Approach to space-qualification of the ICESat-2 laser transmitter

Floyd Hovis, Nick Sawruk, Mark Stephen, Joel Edelman, Slava Litvinovitch, Ryan Edwards, Joe Rudd, Jim Bautch, Elias Fakhoury

Proceedings Volume 8872, 887203 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2026269

KEYWORDS: Laser applications, Laser development, Transmitters, Optical filters, Clouds, Aerosols, LIDAR, Electronics, Distortion, Oscillators

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Proceedings Article | 17 September 2013 Paper

Paper

Space certification and qualification programs for laser diode modules on the NASA ICESat-2 Mission

Nicholas Sawruk, Mark Stephen, Kevin Bruce, Thomas Eltringham, Franklin Nash, Alfonso Piccirilli, Walter Slusark, Floyd Hovis

Proceedings Volume 8872, 887204 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2026253

KEYWORDS: Semiconductor lasers, Reliability, Transmitters, Fiber coupled lasers, Statistical analysis, Commercial off the shelf technology, Failure analysis, Fiber couplers, Laser applications

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Proceedings Article | 6 March 2013 Paper

Paper

Space qualified laser transmitter for NASA's ICESat-2 mission

Nicholas Sawruk, Mark Stephen, Slava Litvinovitch, Joel Edelman, Michael Albert, Ryan Edwards, Charles Culpepper, William Rudd, Elias Fakhoury, Floyd Hovis

Proceedings Volume 8599, 85990O (2013) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2005590

KEYWORDS: Transmitters, Laser applications, Pulsed laser operation, Laser optics, Neodymium, Thermography, Optical amplifiers, Thermal modeling, Laser systems engineering, Tunable lasers

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Proceedings Article | 7 May 2012 Paper

Paper

Laser transceivers for future NASA missions

Michael Krainak, James Abshire, Jordan Camp, Jeffrey Chen, Barry Coyle, Steven Li, Kenji Numata, Haris Riris, Mark Stephen, Paul Stysley, Guangning Yang, Anthony Yu

Proceedings Volume 8381, 83810Y (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.920783

KEYWORDS: Carbon dioxide, LIDAR, Pulsed laser operation, Carbon dioxide lasers, Semiconductor lasers, Absorption, Sensors, Transmitters, Receivers, Avalanche photodetectors

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Proceedings Article | 16 February 2012 Paper

Paper

Fiber lasers and amplifiers for space-based science and exploration

Anthony Yu, Michael Krainak, Mark Stephen, Jeffrey Chen, Barry Coyle, Kenji Numata, Jordan Camp, James Abshire, Graham Allan, Steven Li, Haris Riris

Proceedings Volume 8237, 823713 (2012) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.916069

KEYWORDS: Fiber lasers, Fiber amplifiers, Carbon dioxide lasers, Carbon dioxide, Pulsed laser operation, Semiconductor lasers, Transmitters, Absorption, Oxygen, LIDAR

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Proceedings Article | 24 October 2011 Paper

Paper

High energy pulsed fiber laser transmitters in the C- and L-band for coherent lidar applications

Wei Shi, Nick Moor, Eliot Petersen, Dan Nguyen, Zhidong Yao, Mark Stephen, Arturo Chavez-Pirson, Nasser Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 8286, 828602 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.912548

KEYWORDS: Fiber lasers, Amplifiers, Pulsed fiber lasers, Second-harmonic generation, LIDAR, Glasses, Remote sensing, L band, Fiber amplifiers, Phase modulation

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Proceedings Article | 30 September 2011 Paper

Paper

Spaceflight laser development for future remote sensing applications

Anthony Yu, Michael Krainak, Mark Stephen, James Abshire, David Harding, Haris Riris, Steven Li, Jeffrey Chen, Graham Allan, Kenji Numata, Stewart Wu, Jordan Camp

Proceedings Volume 8182, 818204 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.898547

KEYWORDS: LIDAR, Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide lasers, Pulsed laser operation, Transmitters, Laser development, Laser applications, Laser systems engineering, Space telescopes, Absorption

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Proceedings Article | 17 September 2011 Paper

Paper

Spaceborne laser development for future remote sensing applications

Mark Stephen, Anthony Yu, Michael Krainak, James Abshire, David Harding, Haris Riris, Steven Li, Jeffrey Chen, Kenji Numata, Stewart Wu, Jordan Camp

Proceedings Volume 8154, 815406 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.896693

KEYWORDS: Carbon dioxide, Pulsed laser operation, LIDAR, Carbon dioxide lasers, Transmitters, Laser systems engineering, Remote sensing, Laser applications, Space telescopes, Sensors

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Proceedings Article | 14 September 2011 Paper

Paper

Airborne lidar measurements of atmospheric pressure made using the oxygen A-band

Haris Riris, Michael Rodriguez, Graham Allan, William Hasselbrack, Mark Stephen, James Abshire

Proceedings Volume 8159, 815909 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.892021

KEYWORDS: Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Absorption, Atmospheric monitoring, LIDAR, Semiconductor lasers, Receivers, Atmospheric modeling, Molecules, Bragg cells

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Proceedings Article | 28 August 2010 Paper

Paper

Spaceborne laser transmitters for remote sensing applications

Anthony Yu, Steven Li, Mark Stephen, Anthony Martino, Jeffrey Chen, Michael Krainak, Stewart Wu, Haris Riris, James Abshire, David Harding, Graham Allan, Kenji Numata

Proceedings Volume 7808, 780817 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.861536

KEYWORDS: Transmitters, Pulsed laser operation, Remote sensing, Laser resonators, LIDAR, Carbon dioxide lasers, Carbon dioxide, Laser applications, Laser systems engineering, Semiconductor lasers

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Proceedings Article | 4 May 2010 Paper

Paper

885-nm laser diode array pumped ceramic Nd:YAG master oscillator power amplifier system

Anthony Yu, Steven Li, Mark Stephen, Antonios Seas, Elisavet Troupaki, Aleksey Vasilyev, Heather Conley, Tim Filemyr, Cynthia Kirchner, Alberto Rosanova

Proceedings Volume 7686, 76860G (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.849596

KEYWORDS: Nd:YAG lasers, Neodymium, Ceramics, Semiconductor lasers, Crystals, Molybdenum, Laser applications, Laser crystals, Diodes, Laser systems engineering

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Proceedings Article | 4 March 2010 Paper

Paper

A highly reliable single mode laser for space application

Steven Li, Aleksey Vasilyev, Mark Stephen, Anthony Yu, Michael Krainak, George Shaw, Alberto Rosanova, Timothy Filemyr

Proceedings Volume 7578, 757808 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.843683

KEYWORDS: Laser development, Fabry–Perot interferometers, Output couplers, Oscillators, Optical amplifiers, Pulsed laser operation, Computer aided design, Diodes, Laser applications, Nd:YAG lasers

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Proceedings Article | 18 February 2010 Paper

Paper

Monolithic high SBS threshold pulsed fiber laser and frequency doubling for LIDAR and remote sensing spectroscopy

Wei Shi, Eliot Petersen, Dan Nguyen, Zhidong Yao, Jie Zong, Mark Stephen, Arturo Chavez-Pirson, Nasser Peyghambarian

Proceedings Volume 7582, 75820S (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.845209

KEYWORDS: Fiber lasers, Second-harmonic generation, Pulsed fiber lasers, Amplifiers, Glasses, LIDAR, Remote sensing, Laser damage threshold, Spectroscopy, Fiber amplifiers

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Proceedings Article | 17 February 2010 Paper

Paper

Space laser transmitter development for ICESat-2 mission

Anthony Yu, Mark Stephen, Steven Li, George Shaw, Antonios Seas, Edward Dowdye, Elisavet Troupaki, Peter Liiva, Demetrios Poulios, Kathy Mascetti

Proceedings Volume 7578, 757809 (2010) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.843342

KEYWORDS: Semiconductor lasers, Laser development, Optical amplifiers, Transmitters, Laser systems engineering, Pulsed laser operation, Fiber amplifiers, Diodes, Laser applications, Planar waveguides

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Proceedings Article | 28 February 2009 Paper

Paper

Longevity validation of the LOLA laser design by extended vacuum testing of the LOLA engineering model laser

George Shaw, Mark Stephen, Elisavet Troupaki, Aleksey Vasilyev, Anthony Yu

Proceedings Volume 7193, 719306 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.814883

KEYWORDS: Semiconductor lasers, Diodes, Switches, Oscillators, Laser development, Pulsed laser operation, Laser optics, Transmitters, Space operations, Beryllium

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Proceedings Article | 28 February 2009 Paper

Paper

Qualification of laser diode arrays for space applications

Elisavet Troupaki, Aleksey Vasilyev, Mark Stephen, Antonios Seas, Nasir Kashem

Proceedings Volume 7193, 719307 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.814950

KEYWORDS: Semiconductor lasers, Reliability, Capacitors, Space operations, Laser systems engineering, Pulsed laser operation, Data modeling, Nd:YAG lasers, Failure analysis, Diodes

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Proceedings Article | 13 February 2009 Paper

Paper

Overview of space qualified solid state lasers development at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

Anthony Yu, Steve Li, George Shaw, Antonios Seas, Mark Stephen, Elisavet Troupaki, Aleksey Vasilyev, Luis Ramos-Izquierdo, Alan Lukemier, William Mamakos, Anthony Melak, Jeff Guzek, Alberto Rosanova

Proceedings Volume 7193, 719305 (2009) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.814954

KEYWORDS: Transmitters, Laser development, Mars, Solid state lasers, Semiconductor lasers, Aerospace engineering, Pulsed laser operation, Mercury (planet), Planets, LIDAR

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Proceedings Article | 17 October 2007 Paper

Paper

A laser sounder for measuring atmospheric trace gases from space

Haris Riris, James Abshire, Graham Allan, John Burris, Jeffrey Chen, Stephen Kawa, Jian-Ping Mao, Michael Krainak, Mark Stephen, Xiaoli Sun, Emily Wilson

Proceedings Volume 6750, 67500U (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.737607

KEYWORDS: Carbon monoxide, Absorption, Signal to noise ratio, Gas lasers, Sensors, Spectroscopy, Fabry–Perot interferometers, Gases, Climate change, Atmospheric modeling

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Proceedings Article | 20 February 2007 Paper

Paper

Design considerations of the LOLA laser transmitter

Anthony Yu, Anne Marie Novo-Gradac, George Shaw, Steve Li, Mark Stephen, Danny Krebs, Glenn Unger, Jeremy Karsh, William Mamakos, Jeff Guzek, Alan Lukemire

Proceedings Volume 6451, 64511S (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.726669

KEYWORDS: Semiconductor lasers, Transmitters, Oscillators, Pulsed laser operation, Laser resonators, Laser development, Electronics, Resonators, Q switching, Interfaces

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Proceedings Article | 29 August 2006 Paper

Paper

The reliability of the laser diode arrays

Aleksey Vasilyev, Elisavet Troupaki, Graham Allan, Nasir Kashem, Mark Stephen

Proceedings Volume 6308, 63080G (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.679599

KEYWORDS: Semiconductor lasers, Reliability, Manufacturing, Amplifiers, Laser welding, Space operations, Diodes, Satellites, Heatsinks, Inspection

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Proceedings Article | 13 September 2005 Paper

Paper

Characterization of high-power quasi-cw laser diode arrays

Mark Stephen, Aleksey Vasilyev, Elisavet Troupaki, Graham Allan, Nasir Kashem

Proceedings Volume 5887, 58870A (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.620373

KEYWORDS: Semiconductor lasers, Reliability, Inspection, Temperature metrology, High power lasers, Near field optics, Diodes, Failure analysis, Aerospace engineering, Satellites

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Proceedings Article | 26 October 2004 Paper

Paper

Tunable solid-etalon filter for use in lidar receivers

Yakov Sidorin, David Lunt, Michael Krainak, Mark Stephen

Proceedings Volume 5542, (2004) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.548967

KEYWORDS: Fabry–Perot interferometers, LIDAR, Receivers, Optical filters, Tunable filters, Solids, Temperature metrology, Reflectivity, Surface finishing, Glasses

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Proceedings Article | 20 April 1998 Paper

Paper

Multibillion shot high-influence exposure of Cr4+:YAG passive Q-switch

M. Stephen, Joseph Dallas, Robert Afzal

Proceedings Volume 3244, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.307020

KEYWORDS: Q switching, Semiconductor lasers, Chromium, YAG lasers, Laser development, Space operations, Earth sciences, Laser systems engineering, Diodes, Q switched lasers

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Proceedings Article | 20 April 1998 Paper

Paper

Quasi-cw laser diode bar life tests

M. Stephen, Michael Krainak, Joseph Dallas

Proceedings Volume 3244, (1998) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.307021

KEYWORDS: Semiconductor lasers, Diodes, Space operations, Satellites, LIDAR, Solid state lasers

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Proceedings Article | 27 May 1996 Paper

Paper

Survivability demonstration and characterization of a multibillion-shot Q-switched Nd:YAG laser

Joseph Dallas, M. Stephen, Robert Afzal

Proceedings Volume 2714, (1996) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.240363

KEYWORDS: Semiconductor lasers, Nd:YAG lasers, Diodes, Oscillators, Q switched lasers, Laser development, Laser damage threshold, Optical damage, Optical components, Crystals

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Proceedings Article | 14 July 1995 Paper

Paper

Accelerated GLAS exposure station

Joseph Dallas, Robert Afzal, Mark Selker, M. Stephen

Proceedings Volume 2428, (1995) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.213735

KEYWORDS: Semiconductor lasers, Optical components, Q switched lasers, Laser damage threshold, Laser development, Transmitters, Q switching, Nd:YAG lasers, Optical coatings, Optical damage

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Showing 5 of 36 publications

Conference Committee Involvement (10)

Components and Packaging for Laser Systems X

29 January 2024 | San Francisco, California, United States

Components and Packaging for Laser Systems IX

30 January 2023 | San Francisco, California, United States

Components and Packaging for Laser Systems VIII

24 January 2022 | San Francisco, California, United States

Components and Packaging for Laser Systems VII

6 March 2021 | Online Only, California, United States

Components and Packaging for Laser Systems VI

3 February 2020 | San Francisco, California, United States

Showing 5 of 10 Conference Committees

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