KEYWORDS: Light emitting diodes, LED lighting, Blue light emitting diodes, Light sources and illumination, Control systems, General lighting, Temperature metrology, Lamps, Translucency, Feedback loops
During the last few decades the efficacy and luminous flux of LEDs have developed fast. Also the color quality of white
LEDs and LED illumination systems has improved considerably. Thanks to the performance improvements and the
continuously declining cost per lumen, it is now possible to create LED lighting systems with high luminous fluxes that
can be applied in downlights for general lighting and in spot lights for accent lighting. One of the important requirements
on lighting systems in indoor lighting applications is the color consistency. For all systems the chromaticity, or color
point, of the light should be the same, i.e. within well-defined small tolerance areas. For down lighting, LED modules
with high optical efficiency have been developed based on the concept of mixing light from multiple LEDs and
luminescent materials, and emitting the mixed light through a translucent window. This concept is ideal for down
lighting and other general illumination applications since it enables the design of luminaires with high optical
efficiencies and low glare. In addition, it enables high color uniformity and excellent color consistency between modules.
The module concept enables forward compatibility by well-defined interfaces and optical properties that are decoupled
from the actual performance and number of LEDs. In this paper the properties with respect to color consistency of the
various concepts will be discussed. By applying a phosphor remote from the blue LEDs, we have developed mediumbrightness
(100-200 kCd/m2) LED-modules with high system efficacy. This is the basis of the Philips Fortimo downlight
system. Based on mixing of multiple colors, the color tunable Lexel downlight module has been developed. The systems
comprising multiple LED colors have feedback loops to comply with color consistency requirements. In all systems a
color consistency within 5 SDCM is achieved.
KEYWORDS: Light emitting diodes, Blue light emitting diodes, LED lighting, Luminous efficiency, Diffusers, General lighting, Lamps, Garnet, Temperature metrology, Coating
Phosphor converted white LEDs are becoming more and more attractive for general lighting applications because of the
steadily increasing luminous efficacy numbers reported by LED-suppliers. Despite these high numbers, a further
significant improvement step can be made when a low-to-medium brightness (<500 kCd/m2) source is acceptable. The
wall plug efficiency of a blue LED is generally better than that of a conventional white LED made from the same die. To
take full advantage of this, we have developed medium-brightness
LED-modules (~150 kCd/m2) for general lighting in
which the phosphor is applied remote from the blue LEDs. By direct comparison with modules in which conventional
high power white LEDs with almost identical dies are applied, we have shown that on system level the remote phosphor
modules can have up to 50% better efficacy. Using a downlight module as a carrier, we have shown that in the relevant
color temperature range of 2700 to 4000K a high CRI (>80) can be obtained in combination with a high luminous
efficacy, while the optical efficiency of the module can be over 85%. A module efficacy of over 100 lm/W at 4000K
with CRI 80 seems to be within reach, with a long-term expectation of over 180 lm/W. The remote phosphor LED
modules deliver well homogenized white light with a Lambertian radiation profile. They are ideal for general
illumination, as they combine glare reduction with high system efficacy and enable high optical efficiencies of the
luminaries. The RP modules enable forward compatibility by well defined interfaces and optical properties that are
decoupled from the actual performance, form factor and number of LEDs in the module. The Philips Fortimo downlight
system is based on this remote phosphor concept, featuring forward compatibility and a total system efficacy (including
driver) of over 60 lm/W under operating conditions using currently available Luxeon Rebel emitters.
We consider the problem of designing illumination optics to transfer flux from an LED source into a rectangular target aperture. An important constraint on this design was that it provide a large working distance between the source and the target aperture. An optimized compact nonimaging system consisting of an aspheric totally-internally-reflecting (TIR) lens along with an aspheric singlet was developed to provide high flux-transfer efficiency with the required working distance. A global optimization procedure was used to search a 65-dimensional parameter space for the set of optical-component shape and positioning parameters providing maximum performance, while satisfying the design constraints. A total source-to-target flux-transfer efficiency of 85.0% was achieved by the design, assuming ideal AR coatings on all refractive surfaces.
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