We present the current challenges for high frequency interconnects, especially for calibrated measures of the frequency response of components operating above 100 GHz. This is the challenge addressed by the TERAmeasure Future and Emerging Technologies project, aiming to combine photonics and electronics to develop new paradigm in the millimetre and Terahertz frequency ranges, overcoming the current obstacles to better measurements, eliminating the frequency banded nature of rectangular waveguides and providing metrology-grade results across the full frequency range.
THz-technology provides new ground for label-free detection of biomolecules by taking advantage of existing hybridization techniques. Recent developments for label-free analysis of genetic material with femtomol-sensitivity using integrated functionalized THz sensors are presented. In comparison to former planar strip line approaches, the modular concept based on parallel-plate waveguides presented here provides a cost-efficient solution given the exchangeability, disposability or reusability of components. Three different fabrication technologies for disposable THz resonator chips are investigated.
Monolithic mm-wave integrated circuits have experienced strong improvements in operation frequencies in the last years. However, reports of III-V semiconductor transistors to have maximum frequencies as high as 400 GHz often stem from extrapolated measurements made at lower frequencies, due to bandwidth-limitations of the electronic equipment. The extrapolation of measurements at lower frequencies is insufficient for an accurate determination of the characteristics of passive or active elements in this frequency range. Another frequent restriction of conventional measurement techniques is that the signal can only be probed at specially designed interfaces. Optical sampling techniques allow the detection of electric fields with a high temporal and spatial resolution of 150 fs and 10 micrometers , respectively, at any point within or outside the device. In addition to S-parameter measurements at passive devices we demonstrate the spatial field distribution of an ultra-short electric pulse propagating through a band-stop filter with a broad stop-band probed via electrooptic sampling. To demonstrate the potentially high bandwidth of the measurement system the geometry of the stubs has been designed to show significant attenuation around a frequency f0 equals 350 GHz.
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