QLM are developing a novel remote gas imaging sensor for the detection, imaging, and quantification of methane and other greenhouse gas emissions. The sensor combines aspects of Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) with Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) and Time Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCSPC) to enable remote spectroscopy and ranging with low power semiconductor diode lasers. We directly measure the shape of a gas absorption line by continuously sweeping the output wavelength of a diode laser across the line, and simultaneously modulate the laser output to encode the light signal and then use a digital time-domain correlation algorithm between the transmitted and detected light to identify the returned light. By simultaneously tuning the laser wavelength and modulating the amplitude it is possible to determine both the range the laser light has traveled, as with typical Lidar, and the amount of a particular gas that the laser light has passed through, as with typical TDLAS.
Our methane sensors operate around the CH4 absorption line at 1650.9 nm. Tests with calibrated gas cells and controlled gas releases have demonstrated quantification of leak rates as low as 0.01 g/s with accuracy around 25% and detection at distances over 100 m. The accuracy, speed, and practicality of the sensor, combined with an expectation of low-cost in volume, offers the potential that these sensors can be effectively applied for widespread continuous monitoring of industrial methane emissions. We are developing a cloud-based server that automates the collection, analysis and reporting of gas data and provides an autonomous leak monitoring system that can accurately identifying emissions by position, size, and duration.
QLM is a start-up out of the quantum photonics group at the University of Bristol. We are using time correlated single-photon counting to develop highly accurate, long range, and low-cost infrared LiDAR cameras that can see and measure greenhouse gases. The natural gas industry has made major commitments towards effective methane emissions monitoring and compliance with expanding regulation, but existing equipment remains inadequate for wide scale deployment. We are working with industry leaders including BP, National Grid, and Ametek, to validate and industrialize our designs as cost-effective scalable systems for continuous and fully autonomous leak detection and quantification.
QLM Technology is developing a new type of low-cost gas camera based on high-speed infrared single-photon avalanche detectors or SPADS. Our first target product is a methane imager that can accurately and continuously measure industrial natural gas emissions. We are currently completing integrated and industry-ready versions for our prospective customers to evaluate in early 2021. This talk will detail our imager design and present recent performance results in leak detection and other industrial metrology applications.
We describe an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) based hyper-spectral imaging microscope system that allows real time unmixing of the combination of cellular morphology staining and multiple biomarker staining on a single microscope slide. We describe several advances in AOTF technology such as novel acoustic apodization schemes in the longitudinal and transverse directions that have greatly improved image quality. In addition we demonstrate construction leading to improved broadband matching which in turn allows in lower power operation allowing up to 16 simultaneous arbitrary-wavelength optical channels to be processed if necessary. We discuss optical schemes and other factors that allow low stray light and rejection of out-of-band light. A hyper-spectral imaging bright field microscope using these advances demonstrates pathology results that have great potential for clinical use.
The spatially heterodyned spectrometer (SHS) is one of a class of interesting Static Fourier Transform Spectrometers (FSTS) which offers particular advantages when high spectral resolution is required over a relatively narrow design wavelength range, and high light throughput is needed. The technique was invented by Harlander and Roesler in 1990, and have been under development in various embodiments since; the original applications were astronomical but other application areas are continually appearing. We have investigated a field-widened SHS in terms of its fundamental spectral resolution and its sensitivity. The light grasp of the SHS is very large compared to “standard” dispersive spectrometer hoverer one must be careful to distinguish between light grasp and sensitivity; our prototype device used a 3mm liquid light guide as the input optic, operating at f/1.4, and was constructed with off-the-shelf optical components, apart from the field widening prisms which were custom made. It demonstrated a S/N ratio of unity with an input power of tens of femto-Watts in a sub-resolution spectral feature, and a spectral resolution of 2.9 wave numbers, operating between 790nm and 940nm. The exposure time was of the order of 60 seconds or greater. We conclude that this arrangement would be an excellent tool for analysis of Raman spectra.
An acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF)-based multispectral imaging microscope system allows the combination of cellular morphology and multiple biomarker stainings on a single microscope slide. We describe advances in AOTF technology that have greatly improved spectral purity, field uniformity, and image quality. A multispectral imaging bright field microscope using these advances demonstrates pathology results that have great potential for clinical use.
We describe the performance of diode laser bars mounted on conductive and water cooled platforms using low smile processes. Total smile of <1μm is readily achieved on both In and AuSn based platforms. Combined with environmentally robust lensing, these mounts form the basis of multiple, high-brightness products.
Free-space-coupled devices utilizing conductively-cooled bars delivering 100W from a 200μm, 0.22NA fiber at 976nm have been developed for pumping fiber lasers, as well as for materials processing. Additionally, line generators for graphics and materials processing applications have been produced. Starting from single bars mounted on water-cooled packages that do not require de-ionized or pH-controlled water, these line generators deliver over 80W of power into a line with an aspect ratio of 600:1, and have a BPP of <2mm-mrad in the direction orthogonal to the line.
We present kW QCW vertical and horizontal arrays composed of 200W bars (peak power) at 8xxnm wavelength. We
also present an unique Bar-on-Submount design using the electrically insulating submounts, which can provide a
platform for simple and flexible horizontal array construction. The p-n junction temperature of the arrays under QCW
operation is modeled with FEA software, as well as measured in this research. Updated reliability test results for these
kW arrays will be also reported. As the examples, we present the performance of the vertical arrays with > 57% Wall-Plug-Efficiency and the horizontal arrays with < 23 degree fast axis divergence (FWHM), both with 808nm wavelength.
The available wavelength for such arrays ranges from 780nm to beyond 1 um. Coherent also have the capability to
produce the array with wide and relatively uniform spectrum for athermal pumping of solid-state lasers, by integrating
diode lasers bars with different wavelength into single array.
Power-scaling of optically pumped semiconductor lasers (OPSL's) using a resonator with multiple OPS chips is
demonstrated. With a 3-chip cavity and intra-cavity second harmonic generation, we obtain 55W of TEM00 mode output
at 532 nm and 66 W in multi-transverse mode. In addition, we describe the design of a periodic dynamically stable
resonator that allows scaling to more than 4 chips and demonstrate that the output power scales with the number of chips
in the cavity.
Optically pumped semiconductor lasers offer significant advantages with respect to all traditional diode-pumped solid
state lasers (including fiber lasers) in regards to wavelength flexibility, broad pump tolerance, efficient spectral and
spatial brightness conversion and high power scaling. In this talk we will describe our recent progress in the lab and
applying this technology to commercial systems. Results include diversified wavelengths from 460 to 570nm, power
scaling to >60W of CW 532nm, and the launch of a low cost 5W CW visible source for forensic applications.
We present the reliability of high-power laser diodes utilizing hard solder (AuSn) on a conduction-cooled package
(HCCP). We present results of 50 W hard-pulse operation at 8xx nm and demonstrate a reliability of MTTF > 27 khrs
(90% CL), which is an order of magnitude improvement over traditional packaging. We also present results at 9xx nm
with a reliability of MTTF >17 khrs (90% CL) at 75 W. We discuss finite element analysis (FEA) modeling and time
dependent temperature measurements combined with experimental life-test data to quantify true hard-pulse operation.
We also discuss FEA and measured stress profiles across laser bars comparing soft and hard solder packaging.
We report a simple, environmentally-stable, passively mode-locked Yb-based fiber oscillator operating at 1035 nm with pulse duration of ~5 ps. Mode-locking was achieved using a saturable absorber mirror. The output of the laser exhibited a polarization extinction ratio >20 dB with the implementation a polarization maintaining fiber cavity and a polarization sensitive fiber coupler. The laser outputted near transform-limited pulses at 25-100 MHz at a pump threshold of 20-30
mW. We have tested operation of the laser using two different saturable absorber mirror structures: multiple quantum wells and quantum-dots at 1035 nm. Pulse properties and laser performance were comparable using quantum-dots and multiple quantum wells as the saturable absorber.
Ongoing optimization of epitaxial design within Coherent device engineering has led to a family of high power-conversion-efficiency (PCE) products on conductively cooled packages (CCP) and fiber array packages (FAP). At a 25°C heat sink temperature, the PCE was measured at 71.5% with 75W CW output power on 30% fill-factor (FF) bars with passive cooling. At heat sink temperatures as high as 60°C the PCE of these bars is still maintained above 60%. Powered by such high efficiency 9xx nm diodes, Coherent FAP products have consistently exceeded 55% PCE up to 50W power levels, with 62% PCE demonstrated out of the fiber. High linear-power-density (LPD) operation of 100μm x 7-emitter bars at LPD = 80 mW/μm was also demonstrated. Bars with 7-emitter were measured up to 140W QCW power before catastrophic optical mirror damage (COMD) occurred, which corresponds to a COMD value of 200mW/μm or 2D facet power density of 29.4 MW/cm2. Leveraging these improvements has enabled high power FAPs with >90W CW from an 800μm-diameter fiber bundle. Extensive reliability testing has already accumulated 400,000 total real-time device hours at a variety of accelerated and non-accelerated operating conditions. A random failure rate <0.5% per kilo-hours and gradual degradation rate <0.4% per kilo-hours have been observed. For a 30% FF 50W CW 9xx nm bar, this equates to >30,000 hours of median lifetime at a 90% confidence level. More optimized 30% FF 9xx nm bars are under development for power outputs up to 80W CW with extrapolated median lifetimes greater than 20,000 hours.
Vertical external cavity surface emitting lasers (VECSELs) have been considered the “ultimate disk-laser” due
to their extremely thin active regions and because they take advantage of the high gain found in semiconductor
material. This paper discusses power scaling limitations, including heating effects, surface roughness losses, and
laterally guided amplified spontaneous emission (ASE).
We discuss a compact RGB source with ouput power of several watts per color consisting of a red (638 nm) diode and OPS lasers with blue (460 nm) and green (530) nm output. Suitability for display applications is shown by replacing the lamp of a standard Rear Projection TV.
Optically pumped, external-cavity, surface emitting semiconductor lasers (also known as optically pumped semiconductor lasers, OPS lasers, and vertical external cavity surface emitting lasers, VECSELs) generate near-diffraction limited beams from low brightness diode-array pumps. We have demonstrated 30 W cw at 980 nm and 15 W cw at 488 nm in a single spatial mode from these emitters and believe they can be scaled to > 100 W. Potential applications we have explored for such devices include wavelength conversion, spectral and spatial brightness conversion.
We present an overview of the single-box diode-pumped sub- picosecond ultrafast oscillators that are currently commercially available for industrial and scientific applications.
Acousto-optically mode-locked cw Nd:YAG and Nd:YLF lasers have been efficiently frequency doubled with noncritically phase-matched lithium triborate. LiB3O5 crystals from 6 mm to 15 mm in length were obtained from Castech, People's Republic of China. These were polished and coated for antireflection at both 1064 nm and 532 nm by Coherent Components Group, Auburn, Calif. The coating has a damage threshold in excess of 1 GW/cm2 for mode-locked pulses. More than 11 W of average power at 532 nm has been generated by single pass conversion for a 25 W input at 1064 nm, a conversion efficiency of greater than 45%. Second harmonic generation dependence on laser power and focusing, and on crystal length and temperature have been measured and modeled. Stable longterm operation and applications for high power modelocked 532 nm laser pulses are discussed.
A Nd:Glass laser has been used to generate laser produced plasmas (LLP). The
plasma emission in the keV range useful for X-ray lithography has been measured.
Lithography with sub-micron linewidths has been demonstrated with a thin
absorbing mask.
The Nd:Glass slab laser is operated in a Q-switched one-dimensional unstable
resonator. The resulting beam quality is a few times diffraction limited and is
focused to an area less than the lO cm2 in our vacuum chamber. We have operated
at 5 J up to 4 Hz repetition rate without any degradation of the laser output.
Injection mode locking of the Nd:Glass laser with 0.7 ns pulses increases the
intensity of the Q-switched laser output by about a factor of 10 and allows us to
achieve a total integrated pulse length of less than 10 ns. Optical damage limits
the laser intensity. The damage threshold for injection mode locked pulses
focused into a Nd:Glass slab outside the laser cavity is about 20 J/cm2. However,
we have observed another damage mechanism at lower intensities in Nd:Glass slabs
in use in the laser head. Brown discoloration
occurs in filaments along the laser
beam path and we believe solarization with the help of self-focusing and the ultra-
violet flashlamp radiation may be occuring. We are still investigating this
phenomenon but at present it is limiting the laser output to only 2 J per pulse.
The focused laser intensity is 2.1013 W/cm2 on a solid copper target in our vacuum
chamber. The plasma emission in the keV X-ray range has been measured through a
variety of thin film X-ray filters with a Hamamatsu micro-channel plate detector.
Using the published values for the detector quantum efficiency, the micro-channel
plate gain, and the filter's transmission spectra, we estimate that the conversion
efficiency in the plasma from laser radiation to soft X-rays of energy greater than
0.5 keV is around 2%. We have performed
single-level demonstration exposures of
PNMA resist through a 10 im thick aluminised Kapton debris shield and a 4 im thick
Boron Nitride X-ray mask supplied by Piero Pianetta the the Stanford Synchroton
Research Laboratory. The 1.0 pm linewidth gold absorber patterns on the mask are
accurately reproduced in the resist. The PMMA resist exposure rate at a 5 cm
working distance from the plasma has been measured as 0.2 micron per lO J of total
laser energy so we obtain a single layer exposure in about 30 minutes.
The potential for improvement is enormous. The X-ray signal measured through the
mask increases exponentially with the laser energy on target so increasing the
focused intensity will reduce exposure rates dramatically. Available improvements
in higher average power lasers and sensitised resists both offer an order of
magnitude improvement over this system . These results indicate excellent potential
for commercial LPP X-ray lithography.
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