KEYWORDS: Statistical analysis, Gold nanoparticles, Modeling, Data modeling, COVID 19, Surface plasmons, Diseases and disorders, Design and modelling, Demodulation, Control systems
Performance of paper-based rapid tests is limited by their poor limit of detection and binary response. We have developed a low-cost end-user device that overcomes the classic limitations of rapid tests. The Arduino-based hand-held device excites rapid test gold nanoparticles with modulated 532nm LED while recording their thermal wave response with low-cost thermometer ICs. Validation studies on COVID-19 antibodies and THC (psychoactive constituent of cannabis) in saliva demonstrates ability of the innovation in quantifying analyte concentrations and enhancing the limit of detection by over an order of magnitude.
Antibodies that are produced following infection due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus or vaccination are critical for monitoring the immune response of an individual or the impact of the vaccine over time. As vaccines become available, there is a need for rapid, accurate, and low-cost point-of-care tools for monitoring the effectiveness of the vaccines over time at the population level. Here, we report the efficiency of a handheld point-of-care thermo-photonic device for quantifying anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in humanized control positive solution. Results showed that the imager in conjunction with rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) can detect and quantify antibody levels within clinically relevant range and with a limit of detection of 0.1 µg/ml.
Lateral flow immunoassays (LFAs) are widely used platforms for point-of-care detection of target analytes; however, these rapid tests are not very sensitive and offer only binary results. In this study, highly sensitive thermo-photonic LFA readers were developed for the sensitive detection and quantification of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in oral fluids and the antibodies (IgM and IgG) developed against SARS-CoV-2 virus in human blood/plasma. Our results suggest developed readers not only improved the detection limit by more than an order of magnitude, but also enables reliable quantification of target analytes.
Lock-in thermography (LIT) is a non-destructive testing technique with a broad spectrum of applications, spanning from detection of manufacturing defects in industrial samples to early diagnosis of diseases in hard and soft tissues. Nevertheless, commercialization and wide-spread adaption of LIT has long been impeded by the cost (usually $10k-$100k) and size of infrared cameras. In this paper, we demonstrate that this cost and size limitation can be overcome using cell-phone attachment infrared cameras/sensors. Developed low-cost and portable LIT systems use an intensity-modulated near infrared light for illumination while detecting thermal signatures by the low-cost cellphone attachment infrared camera (Seek thermal compact; Android). While the nominal frame rate of camera is less than 9fps, we have deciphered the communication protocol and frame information structure of the camera and set up packets of information and send them to the camera’s default endpoint address and, subsequently, acquire frame data from camera through a corresponding pipe. As such, the developed platform can control camera attributes through a simple USB interface while achieving a stable high frame rate of 33fps. To demonstrate performance of developed low-cost and portable system, two types of LIT experiments were conducted: (i) in response to the recent legalizations of marijuana in Canada, we interrogated photothermal responses of commercially available oral fluid latral flow immunoassays (LFAs), demonstrating reliable detection of THC (the psychoactive substance of cannabis) at concentrations as low as 2 ng/ml. (ii) To demonstrate ability of the system in early detection of dental caries, artificially induced early caries were created on healthy enamel surfaces and imaged with the low cost and portable system at different stages of formation. Results, suggest ability of the system in detection of caries at very early stages when neither x-ray nor visual-tactile inspection can detect them. Both sets of experiments clearly demonstrate the promise of the developed low-cost and portable LIT system in producing reliable LIT images, paving the way for translation of this technology to industry.
Lateral flow immunoassays (LFAs) have received much attention in recent years for detecting THC (a psychoactive ingredient of the cannabis plant) in oral fluids for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. Specific advantages of screening oral fluids for THC include ease of sample collection in public and correlation of presence of THC in oral fluid with recent use of cannabis. However, despite their popularity, the detection limit of LFA is normally limited to greater than 25 ng/ml of THC in oral fluid which impedes the implementation of per se regulations in many jurisdictions (i.e., 1-5 ng/ml). To address this shortcoming, several LFA reader technologies have been developed in recent years but none of them have satisfied the required performance criteria of <80% sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy at per se limit, set by Driving Under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol, and Medicines (DRUID). In this work, we explore Lock-In thermography (LIT) method for detecting THC in saliva-based LFA strips, utilizing thermal signatures of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) for interpretation of LFAs. Our results suggest that LIT enhances the limit of detection of the commercially available LFA by over an order of magnitude and promises an affordable solution that allows for proper enforcement of per se regulations worldwide.
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