Mid-infrared liquid sensing on the chip-scale is a newly emerging field of research, especially with respect to fully monolithic integrated devices. They enable addressing applications scenarios in chemical reaction monitoring and real-time sensing, which were so far prevented by the existing much more bulky technology (e.g. FTIR-based systems). In this work we present a quantum cascade laser (QCL), QC detector (QCD) and novel type of midinfrared plasmonic waveguide that are integrated into one substrate and which we use in real-time protein sensing and residual water in solvent measurements. Furthermore, we present how this rather simple linear geometry can be further improved by implementing other (more spectrally broadband) materials such as Germanium and integrating surface-passivation and -functionalization for improving sensing capabilities. In the last part we will demonstrate two pathways for introducing plasmonic mode-guiding along the chip-surface, which is the key to realizing much more complex geometries including integrating more active and passive elements into one PIC.
Bright pulses of light are unstable states in free-running semiconductor lasers. Stable bright solitons require an optical bistability---as predicted by mean-field theories such as the Complex Ginzburg Landau Equation (CGLE) or the Lugiato-Lefever Equation (LLE). However, this restriction is relaxed when two lasers are coupled to one another. Here, we identify a new state of light in a pair of semiconductor ring lasers with fast gain dynamics. Two racetrack (RT) quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) when coupled along their straight sections spontaneously produce a frequency comb over the hybridized modes of the coupled cavity. Waveform reconstruction measurements reveal the hybridized comb manifests itself as a pair of bright and dark pulses circulating the coupled cavity simultaneously. In addition, split-step integration of a pair of mutually forced CGLEs faithfully reproduces our experimental measurements, providing some insight on the formation of such states.
Active resonators based on semiconductor gain media encompass a large optical nonlinearity that arises from gain saturation and enables bright soliton generation. The ability to operate these resonators below the lasing threshold as tunable passive devices –– filters, modulators, phase shifters –– opens up an untapped potential of seamlessly integrated reconfigurable devices for both generation of multimode mid-infrared (4 – 12 μm) light and its manipulation.
Optical frequency combs (OFCs) stand as the cornerstone of modern optics, with
applications ranging from fundamental science to sensing and spectroscopy. Generation of
short optical soliton pulses in passive media such as optical fibers and microresonators has
been an established technique for stable OFC formation with a broad optical spectrum –
however these platforms are driven by an external optical signal and often rely on
additional bulky elements that increase the complexity of the system.
Here, we aim to overcome these difficulties by direct OFC generation in mid-infrared
semiconductor lasers, such as quantum and interband cascade lasers. After a general
introduction to such combs and their nonlinear dynamics, the soliton concept from
microresonator Kerr combs will be generalized to active media that are electrically-driven
and a new type of solitons in free-running semiconductor laser integrated on a chip will be
demonstrated.
The mid-IR band recently attracted great interest for future wireless communication due to its low attenuation and high tolerance against atmospheric perturbations. Recent advances in monolithic integration of same-wavelength quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) and detectors (QCDs) paved the way for a new generation of functional photonic integrated circuits. In this context, integrating novel mid-IR plasmonic waveguides has been highly suitable for realizing efficient chip-scale optical links between different active components. Here we report on developing a mid-IR on-chip heterodyne receiver. This includes the first demonstration of plasmonic waveguides for on-chip beam-guiding in the long-wave infrared and novel high-performance QCLs and QCDs.
Monolithic ring Quantum Cascade Lasers (QCLs) have recently emerged as a new platform for frequency comb generation in the mid-infrared with immediate applications in molecular gas spectroscopy and photonic generation of stable coherent sub-THz tones. In this talk I will show that depending on the way they are driven, ring QCLs can act as carrier generators, integrated intensity modulators, tunable filters, and on-chip optical amplifiers. The natural predisposition of these components to photonic integration opens a route to compact mid-infrared WDM transceivers for free space optical links and miniaturized 2D IR spectrometers.
Ring resonators are interesting alternative cavity solutions to the commonly used ridge type waveguide for THz Quantum Cascade lasers. They either support a standing wave pattern showing spatial hole burning if there are defects implemented or a traveling mode in a defect-free cavity. We have fabricated two devices structures. The first one is episide-up with bonding pads. The measurements show a complex behavior of comb-formation most probably influenced by spatial hole burning. The second structure is a pure ring mounted episode down on Si-substrate. This structure shows a totally different comb formation as well as much reduced threshold currents.
Optical nonlinearities are known to coherently couple the amplitude and the phase of light, which can lead to the formation of perfectly periodic waveforms – known as frequency combs. Recently, self-starting frequency combs that do not rely on the emission of short pulses are appearing in numerous semiconductor laser types, among which is the quantum cascade laser. Here we discuss the role of a Bloch gain induced giant Kerr nonlinearity in Fabry-Pérot and ring cavity QCLs, paving the way towards electrically pumped Kerr combs.
Quantum cascade lasers and other semiconductor laser types constitute an attractive integrated platform for spectroscopic applications, as they emit self-starting Frequency Combs (FCs), unlike traditionally-used mode-locked lasers. Here, we explain self-starting FCs due to nonlinear effects arising from the laser gain itself, with particular attention on the coupling of the amplitude and phase of light, quantified by the Linewidth Enhancement Factor (LEF). We study both cavity geometries, Fabry-Perot and ring, reporting the conditions for stable comb formation and different methods of optimizing their performance. In analogy with Kerr microresonators, ring lasers show the formation of temporal localized soliton-like structures, indicating towards an untapped potential for discovering new states of light.
We use a prototypical model based on the Complex Ginzburg Landau Equation to study the dynamics of a multimode ring quantum cascade laser. We predict the existence and stability of different classes of localized structures in the system. In presence of coherent injection, we report the formation dissipative Temporal Solitons (TSs) which manifest multi-stability and coexistence with a stable CW solution. We show how these features allow for external manipulation of the spectral content of the optical frequency combs associated with TSs with a big impact on applications in the field of e.g. high precision spectroscopy and wireless communications.
We generalized the well-known Lugiato-Lefever Equation to unify the description of combs and localized structures formation in nonlinear optical systems such as Kerr micro-resonators (passive systems) and Quantum Cascade Lasers (QCL) (active systems). In particular this model was applied to the study of pattern formation in a unidirectional ring QCL driven by a coherent injected field. We showed the existence of Dissipative Solitons (DS) and Turing rolls associated to standard and harmonic Optical Frequency Combs (OFC) in the system. We also provided a proof of principle demonstration of the possibility to deterministically control the spectral properties of these OFC by switching-on one or more DS with suitable addressing pulses.
These results considerably increase the theoretical insight in chip-scale combs sources in the mid-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum for timely applications in the field of e.g. high resolution and/or time resolved molecular spectroscopy, long range and high bit rate wireless communications.
Interband cascade lasers (ICLs) are attracting more and more attention, being established as reliable mid-infrared laser sources. In particular, their low threshold current densities and low power consumption qualify them for a multitude of applications aiming for portable, miniaturized sensing systems. ICLs show a performance sweet spot around 3-4 μm and continuous-wave (cw) operation at room temperature has been shown at wavelengths from 2.8-5.6 μm in the GaSb material system. When trying to extend this range towards even longer wavelengths, several difficulties are inevitably faced. Some can partly be traced back to a still insufficient understanding of the internal device physics.
Here, we report on our latest findings showing the impact of intersubband transitions in the valence band band of ICL active regions on the performance of these devices.
Using a numerical model employing the eight-band k·p method, we calculate the electronic band structure of the active W-quantum well (QW) in an ICL. We then use a generalized momentum matrix element model to determine the wavelength-dependent absorption between subbands in the valence band. This model can explain all contributions to the absorption in the W-QW, regardless of the nature of the transitions, whether they are interband or intersubband.
We experimentally observe a clear dependence of performance metrics on the thickness and composition of the GaInSb hole-QW. Specifically, the threshold current density Jth, and its dependence on the operating temperature, described by the characteristic temperature T0, are influenced. This is in good agreement with our model. By carefully adjusting the design of the active W-QW the intersubband absorption in the valence band can be modified and even sufficiently avoided, allowing us to enhance the ICL performance outside of the sweet spot 3-4 μm region.
Semiconductor lasers are compact, electrically pumped sources of coherent light. If designed properly they emit frequency combs, which nowadays find application in various areas such as telecommunications, metrology and high-precision spectroscopy for chemical sensing and medical diagnostics. Laser design and optimization require profound knowledge of the working principles at play and powerful techniques to infer their characteristics. One of these characteristic quantities is the linewidth enhancement factor (LEF). It originates from a theoretical description of the linewidth broadening beyond the Shawlow-Townes-limit, but is recently moving in the spotlight of frequency comb research to understand dynamic processes like modulation response, comb formation and even soliton generation. However, as of yet the experimental investigation of the LEF was limited to single-mode laser operation or measurements below to the lasing threshold. This is insufficient, since the LEF changes drastically with the laser bias and is dependent on the wavelength.
In this work we present a novel technique which enables the spectrally-resolved measurement of the LEF of an arbitrary laser source regardless of the operation state or bias. It relies on the RF modulation of the driving bias and “Shifted Wave Interference Fourier Transform Spectroscopy” (SWIFTS) – a phase-sensitive measurement scheme. When investigating a laser frequency comb, a single-shot measurement reveals the spectral dependence of the LEF over the whole comb spectrum.
Extensive simulations utilizing a numerical spatiotemporal model based on the Maxwell–Bloch formalism were performed to explore the success of this approach. The technique was vastly tested by simulating both, single-mode lasers and laser frequency combs. A comparison to the theoretical model shows good agreement.
The experimental demonstration of the technique is performed on a quantum cascade laser (QCL) frequency comb. The resulting LEF values are comparable to recent publications and follow the spectral shape predicted by the theoretical model.
Optical nonlinearities are known to coherently couple the amplitude and the phase of light, which can lead to the formation of perfectly periodic waveforms – known as frequency combs. Recently, self-starting frequency combs that do not rely on the emission of short pulses are appearing in numerous semiconductor laser types, among which is the quantum cascade laser. This novel type of combs is gaining vast attention from researchers due to their self-starting nature and compactness, making them an ideal platform for further development of spectroscopic applications. Their spontaneous formation was explained through an interplay of phenomenological nonlinearity and dispersion in the laser active region, although the actual physical processes remained unclear until now. Here we show that Bloch gain – a phenomenon described by Bloch and Zener in the 1930s – plays an essential role in their formation. We demonstrate that a Bloch gain contribution is present in any quantum cascade laser and becomes particularly dominant under saturation.
Bloch gain in QCLs with ultrafast gain recovery induces a giant Kerr nonlinearity, which is two orders of magnitude larger than the bulk values. The resonant Kerr nonlinearity provides coherent coupling between the amplitude and the phase of the laser field, which serves as a locking mechanism for frequency comb operation. We show that in Fabry-Pérot QCLs this results in frequency-modulated combs with a linear frequency chirp. In ring cavity QCLs, the Bloch gain is able to induce a single-mode instability by tuning the laser in the phase turbulence regime. This can lead to the formation of locked spatial patterns that are related to dissipative Kerr solitons, paving the way towards electrically pumped Kerr combs.
The recent generalised theory of frequency comb generation in externally pumped cavities with and without population inversion suggested an intimate link between quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) and Kerr resonators. In this talk we overview recent experimental developments in chip-scale ring cavity QCLs with and without output coupling ports, that allow operation in self-pumped and externally pumped configurations, and their ability to support cavity solitons.
We present a novel InGaAs/InAlAs/InP quantum cascade detector (QCD) operating in the long wave infrared (LWIR) range, crucial for the exploitation of new free-space optical telecommunication channels at wavelengths between 8-12 µm. The comparison of differently sized detector ridges, processed on substrates with a 15-period as well as a single-period design, allows a characterization of the spectral photocurrent and a comparison of their performance in terms of sensitivity, spectral responsivity, detector noise etc. The goal is to distinguish design guidelines for the best candidate to establish a monolithic-integrated heterodyne detection system, able to secure high-speed and low-noise free-space data transmission.
A phenomenological linewidth enhancement factor (LEF) was recently used to explain a variety of laser dynamics, from free-running optical frequency combs (OFCs) to solitonic-structures in quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). In this work, we provide a physical origin of the LEF for the first time. The inclusion of scattering assisted optical transitions leads to considerable asymmetry of the gain lineshape, which induces a finite LEF. A k-space resolved density matrix model that incorporates multiple elastic and inelastic scattering mechanisms was used. A laser master equation including LEF is derived that shows OFC formation and provides a link to Kerr microresonators.
Frequency combs are ideal candidates to realize miniaturized spectrometers without moving parts and hence are of great interest for integrated photonics. Here, an overview on the generation electrically pumped optical frequency combs on integrated platforms using semiconductor lasers.
This includes self-starting generation of frequency modulated combs in quantum cascade laser in the 8um and interband cascade lasers in the 3-4um wavelength region, respectively. Furthermore, we will discuss how to integrate efficient high-speed modulators in these devices in order to facilitate the generation of picosecond pulses.
We propose a generalization of the well-known Lugiato-Lefever Equation to unify the description of combs- and structures- forming nonlinear optical systems. This approach rigorously connects for the first time passive systems such as Kerr micro-resonators and active systems such as Quantum Cascade Lasers (QCLs) which were so far treated separately. The model effectively describes a unidirectional ring QCL driven by a coherent signal where we show the existence of temporal solitons and Turing rolls, previously identified only in Kerr micro-resonators, considerably increasing the theoretical insight and the technological potential of chip-scale comb sources.
It is a well-established truth that spatial hole burning (SHB) in a standing-wave cavity is an essential single-mode instability mechanism for multimode operation of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). We discovered recently that another instability mechanism–phase turbulence–is capable of triggering an onset of previously unseen types of frequency combs in traveling-wave ring cavity QCLs in absence of SHB. This new regime of laser operation reveals a connection with Kerr combs and paves the way to manipulation and engineering of comb states in QCLs.
Most comb research is focused on the generation of pulses. However, frequency combs can also exhibit a very different behavior that is characterized by a continuous output intensity – the frequency modulated (FM) comb regime. Here, we present our theory including a new master equation to describe the involved physical mechanisms and explain which conditions need to be fulfilled to generate self-starting FM combs. Using our new insights we will discuss experimental observations of FM combs in quantum cascade lasers, as well as lasers with slower dynamics, such as interband cascade, quantum well and quantum dot laser.
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