KEYWORDS: Ultrasonography, Analog electronics, Transducers, 3D image processing, Signal to noise ratio, Electronics, Amplifiers, Switches, Signal processing, Image quality
This paper describes the design and implementations of the complete 2D capacitive micromachined ultrasound
transducer electronics and its analog front-end module for transmitting high voltage ultrasound pulses and receiving its
echo signals to realize 3D ultrasound image. In order to minimize parasitic capacitances and ultimately improve signal-to-
noise ratio (SNR), cMUT has to be integrate with Tx/Rx electronics. Additionally, in order to integrate 2D cMUT
array module, significant optimized high voltage pulser circuitry, low voltage analog/digital circuit design and packaging
challenges are required due to high density of elements and small pitch of each element. We designed 256(16x16)-
element cMUT and reconfigurable driving ASIC composed of 120V high voltage pulser, T/R switch, low noise
preamplifier and digital control block to set Tx frequency of ultrasound and pulse train in each element. Designed high
voltage analog ASIC was successfully bonded with 2D cMUT array by flip-chip bonding process and it connected with
analog front-end board to transmit pulse-echo signals. This implementation of reconfigurable cMUT-ASIC-AFE board
enables us to produce large aperture 2D transducer array and acquire high quality of 3D ultrasound image.
The major factor of the power consumption of the driving LSIs for TFT-LCDs is AC power consumption stemming from charging and discharging data lines that have quite large parasitic capacitance. Since the AC power consumption is linearly proportional to the supply voltage of the driver circuits, the number of data lines and its parasitic capacitance, voltage swing and operating frequency. In this paper, therefore, we review the low power driving methods with four categories. The VCOM alternation method can reduce both the supply voltage and voltage swing. And there were several panel structure and driving methods for reducing the number of data lines in the TFT-LCD panel. Both multi-field driving method and a recent trend of embedded memory in pixel are focused on reducing the operating frequency. Finally, there are several researches to reduce the voltage swing with using energy recovery such as charge sharing method that is very simple and its maximum power saving efficiency is 50% and triple charge sharing method, stepwise source driving method and L2C energy recovery circuits whose power saving efficiency are up to 66.6%, 78% and 78.8%, respectively.
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