KEYWORDS: Digital watermarking, Data mining, Information security, Missiles, Televisions, Steganography, Multimedia, Electronic imaging, Tongue, Particles
We propose a method for watermarking texts of arbitrary length using natural-language semantic structures. For the key
of our approach we use the linguistic semantic phenomenon of presuppositions. Presupposition is the implicit
information considered as well-known or which readers of the text are supposed to treat as well-known; this information
is a semantic component of certain linguistic expressions (lexical items and syntactical constructions called
presupposition triggers). The same sentence can be used with or without presupposition, or with a different
presupposition trigger, provided that all the relations between subjects, objects and other discourse referents are
preserved - such transformations will not change the meaning of the sentence. We define the distinct rules for
presupposition identification for each trigger and regular transformation rules for using/non-using the presupposition in
a given sentence (one bit per sentence in this case). Isolated sentences can carry the proposed watermarks. However, the
longer is the text, the more efficient is the watermark. The proposed approach is resilient to main types of random
transformations, like passivization, topicalization, extraposition, preposing, etc. The web of resolved presupposed
information in the text will hold the watermark of the text (e.g. integrity watermark, or prove of ownership), introducing
"secret ordering" into the text structure to make it resilient to "data loss" attacks and "data altering" attacks.
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